Optical device for enhancing human color vision with improved cosmetic appearance

ABSTRACT

A system, method for creating an optical device, and a device to enhance human color vision are disclosed. The system, method for creating the optical device, and device include a substrate, a plurality of thin film layers provided on the substrate, the plurality of thin film layers including materials creating thin film-specific reflectance spectra based on selected pluralities of materials each having their on respective refractive index, and/or a plurality of colorant layers applied to the plurality of thin film layers, the plurality of colorant layers including at least one colorant, the colorant created based on colorant-specific absorption spectra as defined by selected concentrations.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/699,032, filed Jul. 17, 2018; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/670,180, filed May 11, 2018; and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/595,516, filed Dec. 6, 2017, which areincorporated by reference as if fully set forth.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention is directed to optical devices for enhancing humancolor vision, and more specifically provides a system, method forcreating an optical device, and a device to enhance human color vision.

BACKGROUND

Optical devices that enhance normal human color vision and color visiondeficiency (CVD), such as red-green CVD, and yellow color vision (YCV),do not sufficiently address the ability for people to discern colordifferences via lightness differences, and lightness-independent colordifferences. Moreover, the cosmetic aesthetics of the optical deviceneeds improvement, due to (1) unappealing residual cosmetic tints, (2)color inconstancy of those cosmetic tints under different lightingconditions, and (3) low lightness or apparent transparency of theoptical devices caused by the attempts at normal human color vision andCVD.

Therefore, a need exists for better quality solutions to these and othervision issues.

SUMMARY

A system, method for creating an optical device, and a device to enhancehuman color vision are disclosed. The system, method for creating theoptical device, and device include one or more of: (1) a substrate, aplurality of thin film layers provided on the substrate, the pluralityof thin film layers including materials creating thin film-specificreflectance spectra based on selected pluralities of materials eachhaving their on respective refractive index, and/or (2) a plurality ofcolorant layers applied to the plurality of thin film layers, theplurality of colorant layers including at least one colorant, thecolorant created based on colorant-specific absorption spectra asdefined by selected concentrations.

The method of creating the optical device includes one or more of: (1)creating colorant-specific absorption spectra by selecting colorants,creating concentrations of the selected colorants, and creating one ormore layers to contain the colorant, and/or (2) creating thinfilm-specific reflectance spectra by selecting a plurality of materialseach having their own respective refractive index, selecting the numberof layers in the thin film, creating each film layer. Constructing anoptical device includes one or more of: (1) the created one or morelayers containing the colorant, and/or (2) created film layers.

In this invention, the phrase “at least one of” should be interpreted inthe disjunctive. That is one or more of the listed criterion isrequired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawingsand tables wherein:

FIG. 1 shows the normalized spectral power distributions of LED-3000K,LED-4000K, and LED-5000K lights, as warm-, neutral-, and cool-coloredlight sources.

FIG. 2 shows the modified transmission spectra of 2 optical devices.

FIG. 3 shows the CIE 1976 LUV color space for a person with normal colorvision, and examples of MacAdam Ellipses;

FIG. 4 shows the CIE 1976 LUV color gamut for a person withdeuteranomalous and deuteranopic color vision and illustrates the colorconfusion lines for the deuteranopic;

FIG. 5 shows the CIE 1976 LUV color gamut for a person withprotanomalous and protanopic color vision and illustrates the colorconfusion lines for the protanopic;

FIG. 6 illustrates sample Munsell Colors used to characterize colorvision for normal people and those with Red-Green CVD and yellow colorvision (YCV);

FIG. 7A illustrates 7 reflectance spectra of Ishihara red colors used inthis invention.

FIG. 7B illustrates 5 reflectance spectra of Ishihara green colors usedin this invention.

FIG. 8 shows the perceived colors of the sample set of the Ishiharareflectance spectra shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is the transmission spectrum of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a red-tinted OD;

FIG. 10 shows the colorimetric effects of the red-tinted OD withtransmission spectrum shown in FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is the transmission spectrum of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a First Rose-Tinted device;

FIG. 12 shows the colorimetric effects of the rose-tinted OD withtransmission spectrum shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is the transmission spectrum of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a Second Rose-Tinted device;

FIG. 14 shows the colorimetric effects of the Second Rose-Tinted devicewith transmission spectrum shown in FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is the transmission spectrum of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a blue-tinted optical device;

FIG. 16 shows the colorimetric effects of the Blue-Tinted device withtransmission spectrum shown in FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 shows the transmission spectra of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a yellow-tinted optical device;

FIG. 18A shows the colorimetric effects of the photochromic opticaldevice shown in FIG. 17 under F11 illuminant and with a deuteranomalousobserver;

FIG. 18B shows the colorimetric effects of the photochromic opticaldevice shown in FIG. 17 under D65 illuminant and with the samedeuteranomalous observer;

FIG. 19 shows the transmission spectra of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a yellow-tinted optical device;

FIG. 20A shows the colorimetric effects of the photochromic opticaldevice shown in FIG. 17 under F2 illuminant and with anotherdeuteranomalous observer;

FIG. 20B shows the colorimetric effects of the photochromic opticaldevice shown in FIG. 17 under D65 illuminant and with the samedeuteranomalous observer;

FIG. 21 shows the transmission spectra of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a color constant optical device;

FIG. 22A shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 21, with F11 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 22B shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 21, with F2 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 22C shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 21, with D65 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 23 shows the transmission spectra of an optical device, embodied inthe form of another color constant optical device;

FIG. 24A shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 23, with F11 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 24B shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 23, with F2 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 24C shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 23, with D65 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 25 shows the transmission spectra of an optical device, embodied inthe form of a third color constant optical device;

FIG. 26A shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 25, with F11 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 26B shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 25, with F2 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 26C shows the colorimetric effects of the Color Constant devicewhose transmission spectrum is graphed in FIG. 25, with D65 as anilluminant, in CIE LAB color space;

FIG. 27 illustrate the transmission spectrum for an optical device thatcorrects or improves yellow color vision (YCV);

FIG. 28 shows the color gamuts and White Points for the optical devicewith a transmission spectrum shown in FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 illustrate the transmission spectrum for another optical devicethat corrects or improves yellow color vision (YCV);

FIG. 30 shows the color gamut of a normal observer with naked eye andWhite Points for the optical device with a transmission spectrum shownin FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 illustrates the Hunt Effect where increasing the lightness orbrightness of colors increases the colors' chroma or colorfulness, andvice versa;

FIG. 32A is an illustration of the interactions between incoming andreflected light rays in an optical device as viewed from the devicewearer and the external viewer;

FIG. 32B is an illustration of the interactions between incoming andreflected light rays with a contact lens as an optical device as viewedfrom by human eye and an external viewer;

FIG. 33 illustrates the transmission spectrum of an optical device;

FIG. 34A, FIG. 34B, and FIG. 34C collectively each of the figuresillustrates a plot showing the colorimetric effects of the OD with thetransmission spectrum of FIG. 33, with D65, F2 and F11 as illuminants,in CIE LAB color space.

FIG. 35 illustrates the transmission spectrum of an optical device;

FIG. 36A illustrating a plot and FIG. 36B illustrating a plot thatcollectively illustrates the colorimetric effects of the OD with thetransmission spectrum of FIG. 35 with D65 or F2 as illuminants, in CIELAB color space.

FIG. 37 illustrates the transmission spectrum of an optical device;

FIG. 38A illustrates a plot, FIG. 38B illustrates a plot, and FIG. 38Cillustrates a plot, that collectively illustrate the colorimetriceffects of the OD with the transmission spectrum of FIG. 37, with D65,F2 and F11 as illuminants, in CIE LAB color space.

FIG. 39 illustrates colorimetric effects of the optical device with atransmission spectrum of FIG. 40 (HG 5), with D65 as illuminant, in CIELAB color space;

FIG. 40 illustrates the transmission spectra of a myriad of opticaldevices;

FIG. 41 illustrates the transmission spectra of a myriad of opticaldevices;

FIG. 42 illustrates the transmission spectra of a myriad of opticaldevices;

FIG. 43 illustrates the transmission spectra of a myriad of opticaldevices;

FIG. 44 illustrates the transmission spectra of three optical devices,OD A, OD B and OD C;

FIG. 45 illustrates the chromaticity coordinates of green traffic light,yellow traffic light, and D65 daylight as viewed with OD C and withnaked eyes in 1931 CIE xyY chromaticity diagram with optical devicestandards defined by ANSI Z80.3-2018; and

FIG. 46 illustrates a contact lens.

Table 1 shows the reference white tristimulus values of the two opticaldevices under daylight, fluorescent lights, incandescent light and LEDlights; and

Table 2 illustrates the colorimetric and optical performance indicatorsfor 25 optical devices whose transmission spectra are shown in FIGS.40-43; and

Table 3 illustrates numerous metrics of OD A, OD B and OD C according tostandards set in ISO 12312-1 2015, ANSI Z80.3 2018, and AS/NZS 1067.1:2016.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth,such as particular structures, components, materials, dimensions,processing steps, and techniques, in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present embodiments. However, it will beappreciated by one of ordinary skill of the art that the embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well-known structures or processing steps have not been described indetail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. It will beunderstood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate isreferred to as being “on” or “over” another element, it can be directlyon the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Incontrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or“directly” over another element, there are no intervening elementspresent. It will also be understood that when an element is referred toas being “beneath,” “below,” or “under” another element, it can bedirectly beneath or under the other element, or intervening elements maybe present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being“directly beneath” or “directly under” another element, there are nointervening elements present.

In the interest of not obscuring the presentation of embodiments in thefollowing detailed description, some structures, components, materials,dimensions, processing steps, and techniques that are known in the artmay have been combined together for presentation and for illustrationpurposes and in some instances may have not been described in detail. Inother instances, some structures, components, materials, dimensions,processing steps and techniques that are known in the art may not bedescribed at all. It should be understood that the following descriptionis rather focused on the distinctive features or elements of variousembodiments described herein.

The described systems and methods provide the designs and constructionsof devices with the desired transmission spectra and desired performanceon Colorimetric Performance Metrics (CPMs) to enhance the colorperception of normal people and those with Color Vision Deficiency(CVD). This systems and methods disclose devices that modify thetransmission spectra of visible light between 380 nm and 780 nm, suchthat it enhances or alters color perception in order to correct orenhance the color vision of normal people and those with CVD. Thenomenclature of a device that modifies the transmission spectra ofvisible light between 380 nm and 780 nm is “an optical device” or theequivalent “an optical system” includes multiple devices with the sameeffective visible spectrum and/or the same effective performance onCPMs. The diction of a device, an optical device, an optical systemand/or a lens is used interchangeably in the present description.

An optical device is comprised of lenses, sunglass and ophthalmic,glass, contact lens, optical filters, displays, windshields, intraocularlens (IOLs), human crystalline lens (HCL), windows, plastics and anyother device or part of a device or system of devices capable oftransmitting, absorbing or reflecting electromagnetic radiation,including ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and infrared radiation. Theoptical device may have any optical power, curvature or other suitablecharacteristics, including geometric shapes, refractive indices andthicknesses. Absorptive colorants and reflective thin films are usedseparately or in combination, and applied to a substrate in order todesign and construct an optical device or system of optical devices withthe desired transmission spectra or effective transmission spectra.Colorants include dyes and pigments that are applied on the surface ofor infused into the substrate. Reflective thin films include film layerswith high and low refractive indices stacked in alternating patterns orwith other stacking patterns, and applied on the surface of or coatedwithin a substrate. Reflective thin films include rugate filters withvariable indices of refraction and applied on the surface of or coatedwithin a substrate. Substrates may include glass, plastics (such asacrylic, polycarbonate, Trivex, CR39), crystals, quartz and othertransparent or semi-transparent material. Color appearance models (CAMs)may be used to quantitatively model color perception. Standard CAMsinclude those established by the Commission internationale del'Eclairage (CIE), such as the CIE 1931 XYZ, CIE 1931 xyY, and CIE 1976LUV. Adhering to the CIE 1976 LUV CAM definitions, color in thisinvention is defined by its three (3) components of hue, chroma andlightness.

The system and methods disclose colorimetric parameters or values in1976 LUV CAM format, unless specifically disclosed otherwise. The use of1976 LUV as the default CAM does not limit the present description tothat specific CAM. In fact, any CAM with color space coordinates can becomparable to the default, including CIE LAB. The default CAM is onlyone example model to illustrate the described systems and methods. Thedefault color space coordinates are

L,u,v

.

Reference white (RW) is used in the 1976 CIE LAB color appearance modelto determine the CPMs of optical devices via their transmittance andreflectance spectra.

RW is used in calculating the perception of an optical device's cosmeticcolor tint, via single-pass and double-pass, illuminated by one or morelight sources, against a reference perceptual environment (RPE). A RPEis comprised of an adjacent, background and/or ambient environment usedto contrast or reference perceived colors. Examples of such environmentinclude air, white paper and other white, colored or mirror surfaces towhich perceived colors, such as those of an object are contrasted andcompared against.

RW is used in calculating the perception of colors through an opticaldevice, illuminated by one or more light sources, against a RPE asviewed through the optical device. Examples of such RPE include air,white paper and other white, colored or mirror surfaces as seen throughthe optical device.

Under the same illuminant or same combination of illuminants, an opticaldevice's single-pass cosmetic tint and double-pass cosmetic tint havethe same RW, provided both tints have the same RPE. Similarly, twodifferent optical devices with different transmission or reflectionspectra have the same RW, provided both optical devices have the sameRPE. Such RW is described by the tristimulus values, X_(RW),t, Y_(RW),tand Z_(RW),t, where {X,Y,Z} denote tristimulus values in general, and tdenotes application to optical device's cosmetic tints (both single-passtint and double-pass tint in this case).

RW can be the perceived white point (WP) of the normalized spectralpower distribution (SPD) of a CIE standard illuminant, any other singlelight source or any combination of light sources, within 380 nm to 780nm.

Equation 1 describes the formulas for calculating the tristimulus valuesof RW used in evaluating the perception of an optical device's cosmeticcolor tint, for both single-pass and double-pass tints, against anambient RPE, illuminated by one or more light sources or illuminants.

$\begin{matrix}{{RW}_{t} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{X_{{RW},t} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{Illuminant}\; (\lambda){\overset{\_}{x}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Y_{{RW},t} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{Illuminant}\; (\lambda){\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Z_{{RW},t} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{Illuminant}\; (\lambda){\overset{\_}{z}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

where Illuminant(λ) denotes a CIE standard illuminant, any other singlelight source or any combination of light sources, and {x(λ), y(λ), z(λ)}is the set of color matching functions, such as from the 1931 CIE2-Degree Standard Observer.

The cosmetic color tint of the color enhancing or color correctingoptical device perceived by the wearer or receiver (i.e., “single-pass”)can be different than that perceived by an external viewer (i.e.,“double-pass”). The cosmetic tint of the optical device (OD) asperceived by the OD wearer or receiver is due to incoming or externallight source being filtered once by the OD. In this configuration, theOD is acting as a single-pass filter to the wearer of the OD. The termof “single-pass” is used in this invention in this regard.

The cosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by an external viewer is due toa reflective light path which is filtered twice by the OD. Moregenerally, reflective light path describes the process of external lightbeing filtered once by the OD as it travels through the OD, contacts abackstop surface, e.g., wearer's skin in the case of an external OD,iris or sclera of the wearer's eyes in the case of a contact lens, isreflected or partially reflected back through the OD and being filtereda second time by the OD, until the light rays reach the external viewer.In this manner, the OD is acting as a double-pass filter to an externalviewer. The backstop surface may selectively absorb, partially orcompletely, certain wavelengths of the visible light spectrum andreflect other wavelengths. This double filtering process by the OD canbe included in designing the overall cosmetic tint of the OD asperceived by an external viewer. The term of “double-pass” is used inthis invention in this regard.

In single-pass and/or double-pass light filtration, certain wavelengthsbetween 380 nm and 780 nm can be partially, completely or not reflectedby the OD's interface with air, tears, cornea or another medium beforereaching the OD's user (i.e. or internal receiver) and/or externalviewer or external receiver (e.g., another person looking at the OD).

Light sources are comprised of natural lighting, such as daylight,overcast, and artificial lighting, such as fluorescent lights,incandescent lights and LEDs (light-emitting diodes). CIE standardilluminants are comprised of D65 for natural daylight, a set of {F2, F7,F11} for representative fluorescent lights, and A for incandescentlight. LED 3000K, LED 4000K and LED 5000K are LEDs with correspondingcolor temperatures producing warm-, neutral- and cool-colored light,respectively.

FIG. 1 illustrates representative normalized SPDs 100 for LED 3000K 110,LED 4000K 120 and LED 5000K 130. Photometrically, the three SPDs (LED3000K 110, LED 4000K 120 and LED 5000K 130) represent LED SPDs with thefollowing characteristics: (1) at least one local peak light emissionbetween 420 nm and 480 nm (illustrated as peak 140 for LED 130, peak 150for LED 120, peak 160 for LED 110), which may be, more specifically,between 440 nm and 460 nm (referred to as a blue peak), (2) at least onelocal valley (low) light emission between 460 nm and 520 nm (illustratedas valley 170 for LED 120, valley 180 for LED 110, valley 190 for LED130), which may be, more specifically, between 470 nm and 500 nm(referred to as a blue valley), and (3) at least one local peak lightemission between 520 nm and 640 nm (illustrated as peak 191 for LED 130,peak 192 for LED 120, peak 193 for LED 110, referred to as a yellowpeak). Tuning the relative emission of the blue and yellow peaks resultin the desired LED color temperatures. Specifically, for LED 110 (awarm-colored LED), yellow peak 193 may be substantially higher than bluepeak 160, such as by at least 0.25 (25%) in normalized SPD. For LED 120(a neutral-colored LED), yellow peak 192 may be substantially the sameas blue peak 150, such with a difference within about 0.249 (24.9%) innormalized SPD. For LED 130 (a cool-colored LED), yellow peak 191 may besubstantially lower than blue peak 140, such as by at least 0.25 (25%)in normalized SPD.

Equation 2 describes the formulas for evaluating the tristimulus valuesof RW used in calculating the perception of colors (e.g., Munsellcolors, Ishihara colors) through an optical device, against an ambientRPE as viewed through the optical device, illuminated by the same lightsource(s) as that (those) which illuminated the cosmetic tints of theoptical device (described by Equation 1).

$\begin{matrix}{{RW}_{OD} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}{X_{{RW},{OD}} = {X_{{RW},t}*\left( \frac{Y_{OD}}{Y_{{RW},t}} \right)}} \\{Y_{{RW},{OD}} = Y_{OD}} \\{Z_{{RW},{OD}} = {Z_{{RW},t}*\left( \frac{Y_{OD}}{Y_{{RW},t}} \right)}}\end{matrix}Y_{OD}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{Illuminant}\; (\lambda){T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}},} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

where Y_(OD) is the Y component of the tristimulus values of the opticaldevice's WP in single-pass transmission, calculated using the opticaldevice's transmission spectrum, T(λ).

FIG. 2 illustrates the transmission spectra 200 of two optical devices.Both optical devices have transmission spectra 210 for OD A, 220 for ODB illustrated in FIG. 2. The optical devices (A, B) may have dyescompounded into polycarbonate and molded into plano-optical lenses ofthickness 3 mm and a diameter of 72 mm. OD A is intended as ageneral-use ophthalmic lens, suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.OD B is intended as a sunglass lens. Four lightfast and thermally-stabledyes are used to produce both optical devices with their illustratedtransmission spectra. The dyes create individual absorption peaks in theoptical devices at 459 nm (illustrated as absorption peak 230 in spectra220 and as absorption peak 240 in spectra 210), 575 nm (illustrated asabsorption peak 250 in spectra 210 and as absorption peak 260 in spectra220), 595 nm (illustrated as absorption peak 270 in spectra 220 and asabsorption peak 280 in spectra 210), and 636 nm (illustrated asabsorption peak 290 in spectra 220 and as absorption peak 291 in spectra210). Such dyes may include rhodamine and cyanine group of dyes. Thedyes only differ in their concentration loading in the plastic matrix.Dyes with wavelength-dependent absorption peaks can create correspondinglocal peak absorptions 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 291 in therespective OD's transmission spectrum.

An absorbance peak, also referred to as stop-band or transmissionvalley, is any spectral absorbance centered within 380 nm and 780 nmsuch that the local peak absorbance creates a local low point in thetransmission spectrum, and the resultant local lowest transmission valueis at least 3% lower than the transmission value of twoimmediately-neighboring local transmission peaks with the peaksincluding one at a shorter wavelength and one at a longer wavelength.Stop-band centered (i.e., with peak absorbance wavelength) at 380 nm(illustrated as absorption peak 292 in spectra 220 and as absorptionpeak 293 in spectra 210) have one immediately-neighboring localtransmission peak at a longer wavelength. Stop-band centered at 780 nm(illustrated as absorption peak 294 in spectra 220 and as absorptionpeak 295 in spectra 210) have one immediately-neighboring localtransmission peak at a shorter wavelength. For example, FIG. 2 hasstop-bands substantially centered at 380 nm (absorption peak 292,absorption peak 293), 459 nm (absorption peak 230, absorption peak 240),575 nm (absorption peak 250, absorption peak 260), 595 nm (absorptionpeak 270, absorption peak 280) and 780 nm (absorption peak 294,absorption peak 295). It is equivalent to state that the stop-bands arecentered, peaked or have absorbance peaks at identified wavelengths.

A transmission peak, also referred to as a pass-band or absorbancevalley, is any spectral transmission within 380 nm and 780 nm such thatthe local peak transmission creates a local high point in thetransmission spectrum, and the resultant local highest transmissionvalue is at least 3% higher than the transmission value of twoimmediately-neighboring transmission valleys-one at a shorter wavelengthand one at a longer wavelength. Pass-band centered (i.e., with peaktransmission wavelength) at 380 nm need only one immediately-neighboringlocal transmission valley at a longer wavelength. Pass-band centered at780 nm need only one immediately-neighboring local transmission valleyat a shorter wavelength. For example, FIG. 2 has pass-bandssubstantially centered at 410 nm (transmission peak 241, transmissionpeak 242), 500 nm (transmission peak 243, transmission peak 244) and 780nm (transmission peak 294, transmission peak 295). It is equivalent tostate that the pass-bands are centered, peaked or have transmissionpeaks at identified wavelengths.

An OD's transmission spectrum has at least one stop-band centeredbetween 400 nm and 520 nm (absorption peak 230, absorption peak 240),and at least another stop-band centered between 540 nm and 620 nm(absorption peak 250, absorption peak 260, absorption peak 270,absorption peak 280).

For OD A, 20 mg to 30 mg of “459-dye”, 15 mg to 30 mg of “574-dye”, 15mg to 35 mg of “594-dye”, and 1 mg to 10 mg of “636-dye” were compoundedinto 3 lbs. of polycarbonate resin, and molded into lens form.

For OD B, 20 mg to 40 mg of “459-dye”, 30 mg to 60 mg of “574-dye”, 35mg to 75 mg of “594-dye”, and 1 mg to 10 mg of “636-dye” were compoundedinto 3 lbs. of polycarbonate resin, and molded into lens form.

In general, dyes can be added into or onto contact lenses and IOLs.These dyes can be co-polymerized with hydrogel, silicone hydrogel,acrylic, ionic or non-ionic polymers or other suitable materials.Co-polymerization requires chromophores to be functionalized withsuitable chemical groups, such as acrylate, styrene, or reactive doublebond(s). Imbibing the dyes into device substrate is also possible.Suspending or encasing dyes in the device substrate matrix without dyeco-polymerization is also possible.

Table 1 discloses the RW tristimulus values, (1) for both OD A and OD B,(2) under 8 different lighting conditions of D65, F2, F7, F11, A,LED-3000K, LED-4000K and LED-5000K, and (3) applied to 2 RPEs of (a)perception of the optical devices' single-pass and double-pass cosmetictints in an ambient environment, (b) color perception through theoptical devices as a device wearer or receiver of optical devices'transmittance. Colors perceived through the optical devices include anyconceivable color, such as Munsell colors, colors from Ishihara colorvision deficiency (CVD) test plates, natural colors and man-made colors.

Table 1 represents the application of Equations 1 and 2 to ODs A and Bas examples. RWs comprise of values in Table 1. Those RW tristimulusvalues for OD A and B are also the single-pass and double-pass cosmetictints of any OD in ambient RPE, under the illuminants of CIE D65, CIEF2, CIE F7, CIE F11, CIE A, or specified LED sources of LED 3000K, LED4000K or LED 5000K.

The CIE 1976 CAM and indeed other CAMs can accurately model normal humancolor vision or trichromacy. Normal trichromacy is the perception ofcolor based on three color sensors in the eye, called color cones.L-cone is most sensitive to long wavelength visible light, M-cone ismost sensitive to medium wavelength visible light, and S-cone is mostsensitive to short wavelength visible light. In CAMs, trichromatic humancolor vision is quantified using three color matching functions (CMFs),each duplicating the sensitivity of each color cone in the set ofL-cone, M-cone and S-cone in a CAM. Two types of CMFs are availablethrough CIE, the 1931 2° Standard Observer (1931 SO) and the 1964 10°Standard Observer (1964 SO). For the 1931 SO and 1964 SO, x, y, zseparately denote the CMFs for L-cone, M-cone and S-cone, respectively.CMF sensitivities may vary as wavelengths change, i.e. CMFs arefunctions of wavelengths, λ.

FIG. 3 illustrates the CIE 1976 LUV color gamut 300 for a person withnormal color vision, and the associated example MacAdam Ellipses, whichare example gamut regions that contain perceptually indistinguishablecolors. Pastel colors 320 are closer to the White Point (WP) and havesmaller MacAdam Ellipses, and saturated colors 310 are farther away fromthe WP and typically have larger MacAdam Ellipses. CAMs may model colorperception of people with color vision deficiency (CVD) such asanomalous trichromacy or dichromacy. In anomalous trichromacy,deuteranomaly (deutan person, green color weak) and protanomaly (protanperson, red color weak) are dominant forms. In dichromacy, deuteranopia(deutan person, green color blind) and protanopia (protan person, redcolor blind) are dominant types. Collectively, protanomaly, protanopia,deuteranomaly and deuteranopia are called Red-Green color blindness orcolor vision deficiency (CVD). Typically, people with Red-Green CVDcannot effectively distinguish red, green, and derivative colors, suchas brown, yellow, orange (i.e., colors that are mixtures of reds andgreens). Red-Green CVD may not effectively distinguish colors that blendred and/or green with “cool-toned” colors such as blue. For example,people with Red-Green CVD may confuse between cyan, blue, purple and/orpink colors.

FIG. 4 illustrates the CIE 1976 LUV color gamut 400 for a person withdeuteranomalous and deuteranopic color vision. The associated samples ofMacAdam Ellipses for deuteranomaly 410 are drawn, which are the examplegamut regions that contain “confused” colors. Those with mild, moderateor strong deuteranomaly have smaller size MacAdams Ellipses 420, mediumsize MacAdams Ellipses 430 or larger size MacAdams Ellipses 440. FIG. 4also illustrates the color confusion lines 450 for the deuteranopic.Colors along and close to those lines are all confusing colors to thedeuteranopic, whose CVD is more severe than the deuteranomalous.However, colors on different color confusion lines are differentiable bythe deuteranopic.

FIG. 5 shows the CIE 1976 LUV color gamut 500 for a person withprotanomalous and protanopic color vision. The associated examples ofMacAdam Ellipses for protanomaly 510 are drawn and include the examplegamut regions that contain “confused” colors. Those with mild, moderateor strong protanomaly have smaller size MacAdam Ellipses 520, mediumsize MacAdam Ellipses 530 or larger size MacAdam Ellipses 540. FIG. 5also illustrates the color confusion lines 550 for the protanopic.Colors along and close to those lines are all confusing colors to theprotanopic, whose CVD is more severe than the protanomalous. Similar tothe deuteranopic, colors on different color confusion lines aredifferentiable by the protanopic.

In terms of variations in CMFs between those with normal color visionsand those with Red Green CVD, for the 1931 SO (CIE Standard Observer)the CMF's peak sensitivities are located at 599 nm, 555 nm and 446 nm,respectively. For a protanomalous person, the peak sensitivity of theL-cone may be located at a wavelength different than 599 nm, e.g., at598 nm or less or 600 nm or more, and additionally or independently mayhave a peak sensitivity value of less than 100% of that for the L-coneCMF of the normal person. For a deuteranomalous person, the peaksensitivity of the M-cone may be located at a wavelength different than555 nm, e.g., at 554 nm or less or 556 nm or more, and additionally orindependently may have a peak sensitivity value of less than 100% ofthat for the M-cone CMF of the normal person.

Moreover, for the 1964 SO, the CMF's peak sensitivities are located at595 nm, 557 nm and 445 nm, respectively. For a protanomalous person, thepeak sensitivity of the L-cone may be located at a wavelength differentthan 595 nm, e.g., at 594 nm or less or 596 nm or more, and additionallyor independently may have a peak sensitivity value of less than 100% ofthat for the L-cone CMF of the normal person. For a deuteranomalousperson, the peak sensitivity of the M-cone may be located at awavelength different than 557 nm, e.g., at 556 nm or less or 558 nm ormore, and additionally or independently may have a peak sensitivityvalue of less than 100% of that for the M-cone CMF of the normal person.

For both the 1931 SO and 1964 SO, a person with protanopia is missing orotherwise does not have the use of the L-cone. Therefore, the L-coneCMF, x, is not used in the design of an optical device that corrects orenhances such protan's color vision. The values and wavelength positionsof the peak sensitivities of the M-cone and S-cone CMFs may also bedifferent than that for the normal color vision person.

For both the 1931 SO and 1964 SO, a person with deuteranopia is missingor otherwise does not have the use of the M-cone. Therefore, the M-coneCMF, y, is not used in the design of an optical device that corrects orenhances such deutan's color vision. The values and wavelength positionsof the peak sensitivities of the L-cone and S-cone CMFs may also bedifferent than that for the normal color vision person.

Yellow Color Vision (YCV) or blue-yellow color confusion is another formof CVD addressed in this disclosure, besides red-green CVD. YCV occursin the color vision of mammals, including humans, when the white point(WP) of color vision shifts to from neutral or white (including nearneutral) to yellow, yellow-orange, brown or yellow-green. Among a numberof causes, YCV can be due to the yellowing of natural crystalline lenses(NCLs) in the eye or yellow artificial lens, such as the intraocularlenses (IOLs). Often, though not exclusively, YCV is age-related, andpeople in their early forties can start to develop YCV, and on average,YCV worsens as they age. YCV is predominately an acquired CVD, unlikedominant forms of red-green CVD, which are generally hereditary. Theyellowing of NCLs or IOLs can be attributed to the increased absorptionof blue, cyan, and/or green wavelengths, i.e. between 380 nm and 580 nm,by those optical media. Some absorption between 580 nm and 780 nm mayalso occur by NCLs or IOLs, and at a lower absorption level. This typeof unbalanced absorption creates YCV through yellowing of optical media.

In the systems and method described herein, representative sets ofcolors, spanning reds, greens, blues, yellows, and derivative colors,such as cyans and magentas, are used to characterize the color vision ofnormal people, and of those who are deuteranomalous, deuteranopic,protanomalous and protanopic. One such representative color set to useis the 1296 Munsell Colors. Well-known CVD tests, such as the Munsell100-Hue Test and Farnsworth D-15 Test, use Munsell Colors to determinecolorblindness. A subset of Munsell Color's reflectance spectra for red,green, blue and yellow colors, as well as derivative colors may be used.Reflectance spectra set for red Munsell colors is comprised of one ormore of the following Munsell designations: 2.5YR 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 2.5R5/4, 5RP 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 10R 5/4, 10RP 5/4. Reflectance spectraset for green Munsell colors is comprised of one or more of thefollowing Munsell designations: 5BG 5/4, 10G 5/4, 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY5/4, 10BG 5/4. Reflectance spectra set for blue Munsell colors iscomprised of one or more of the following Munsell designations: 5B 5/4,10BG 5/4, 5BG 5/4, 5P 5/4, 10B 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10PB 5/4. Reflectancespectra set for yellow Munsell colors is comprised of one or more of thefollowing Munsell designations: 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 5Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4,2.5YR 5/4, 10Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4. Additional reflectance spectra for red,green, blue, yellow and derivative colors come from reflectance scans ofnatural colors, such as leafs, flowers and woods.

FIG. 6 illustrates sample Munsell Colors 600 used to characterize colorvision for normal people and those with CVD. The outer gamut 610 isencircled by saturated Munsell Colors. The inner gamut 620 is encircledby pastel Munsell Colors. The centroidal point 630 is the WP of CIE D65illuminant. The data of FIG. 6 results from the illumination by CIE D65daylight as an example illuminant. Many other illuminants are possible,and are readily available via CIE standards or spectral spectroscopy.

In evaluation of all CPMs, including color difference and lightnessdifference evaluations, (1) the green Munsell color set used includesthe following Munsell designations: 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, (2) thered Munsell color set used includes the following Munsell designations:2.5YR 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 10RP 5/4, (3) the blue Munsell color set includesthe following Munsell designations: 10B 5/4, 5B 5/4, 10PB 5/4, and (4)the yellow Munsell color set includes the following Munselldesignations: 10Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 5Y 5/4.

The set of pastel Munsell colors that form the pastel color gamut are:10B 5/4, 5B 5/4, 10BG 5/4, 5BG 5/4, 10G 5/4, 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4,10Y 5/4, 5Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 2.5YR 5/4, 10R 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 2.5R 5/4, 10RP5/4, 5RP 5/4, 10P 5/4, 5P 5/4, 10PB 5/4.

The set of saturated Munsell colors that form the saturated color gamutare: 7.5B 5/10, 10BG 5/8, 2.5BG 6/10, 2.5G 6/10, 7.5GY 7/10, 2.5GY 8/10,5Y 8.5/12, 10YR 7/12, 5YR 6/12, 10R 6/12, 2.5R 4/10, 7.5RP 4/12, 2.5RP4/10, 7.5P 4/10, 10PB 4/10, 5PB 4/10.

In the Munsell color system, b-denotes blue hue, “G” denotes green hue,“Y” denotes yellow hue, “R” denotes red hue, “P” denotes purple hue. Acombination of two hues denotes a hue that is in-between these two hues.For example, “RP” denotes a hue in-between a red hue and a purple hue,while “BG” denotes a hue in-between a blue hue and a green hue. Somein-between hues may have unique names, such as “BG” can be called cyanherein.

Another representative color set is comprised of colors used in IshiharaColorblind Test. Reflectance spectra of colors in the Ishihara's Testsfor Color Deficiency 38 Plates are from the 2016 Ishihara's Tests ForColor Deficiency, 38 Plates Edition, published by Kanehara Trading Inc.,Tokyo, Japan. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the reflectance of 7 colorsforming the Ishihara red color set and 5 colors forming the Ishiharagreen color set used in this invention, respectively. These Ishiharacolors are used to evaluate the CPM of red-green lightness difference(LD).

FIG. 7B illustrates the 7 Ishihara red colors 700 a with each of therespective colors being represented by curves 740 a, 750 a, 760 a, 770a, 780 a, 790 a, 791 a. The curves 740 a, 750 a, 760 a, 770 a, 780 a,790 a, 791 a exhibit reflectance between: (1) 380 nm to 499 nm havereflectance 710 a of between approximately 0.2 (20%) and 0.45 (45%), (2)500 nm to 589 nm have reflectance 720 a between approximately 0.4 (40%)and 0.55 (55%), and (3) 590 nm to 780 nm have reflectance 730 a betweenapproximately 0.5 (50%) and 0.95 (95%).

FIG. 7B shows the 5 Ishihara green colors 700 b with each of therespective colors being represented by curves 710 b, 720 b, 730 b, 740b, 750 b. The curves 710 b, 720 b, 730 b, 740 b, 750 b exhibitreflectance between: (1) 380 nm to 480 nm have reflectance 760 b betweenapproximately 0.25 (25%) and 0.45 (45%), (2) 481 nm to 580 nm havereflectance 770 b between approximately 0.45 (45%) and 0.6 (60%) withlocal reflectance peaks 771 b between approximately 505 nm and 530 nm,(3) 581 nm to 720 nm have reflectance 780 b between approximately 0.4(40%) and 0.65 (65%), and (4) 721 nm to 780 nm have reflectance 790 bbetween approximately 0.45 (45%) and 0.9 (90%).

FIG. 8 shows the perceived colors 800 of an expanded sample set of theIshihara reflectance spectra in the CIE 1976 LUV color space 810 (markedby squares). The sample Ishihara colors cover cyan, green, yellow,orange, red hues, and overlay the Munsell pastel 820 and saturated colorgamuts 830 as shown by connected circle markers and connected starmarkers, respectively.

The optical devices described herein may be designed to be illuminatedby a single illuminant, a combination of illuminants at the same timeand/or multiple separate illuminants in different lighting environments.Illuminants include primary sources, such as a light producing body—sun,reflective surfaces and/or fluorescent bodies. All illuminants have aSPD that can be characterized. CIE standard illuminants used in thisinvention include: (1) daylight sources such as CIE D55, D65, D75, (2)fluorescent sources such as CIE F2, F7 and F11, (3) incandescent orfilament sources such as CIE A, (4) light-emitting diode (LED) sourcessuch as the CIE L-series, and (5) any blend of two or more of thesesources. The blending of light sources can be appropriate for lightingenvironments with multiple illuminants at the same time, such as a blendof daylight and fluorescent lighting in an office space. One suchblending technique is a linear combination of two or more of illuminantsas provided in Equation 3.

Blended Light=Σa _(i)*Illuminant_(i) ,i∈selected Illuminants  Equation3,

where {a} is the set of constants that weight the contribution of eachilluminant to be blended. For example, a blended light may be comprisedof or modeled with 75% F2 fluorescent light and 25% D65 daylight.Typically, the sum of all {a} equals 1 (100%), with each a_(i) valuebetween 0 (0%) and 1 (100%), inclusive.

As described herein the default illuminant is CIE D65, unless specifiedotherwise.

The described systems and methods include several crucial CPMs usefulfor both design and construction of the optical device that correct orreduce CVD or enhance normal color vision through increasing colorcontrast. The described systems and methods contrast between two or morecolors defined as the color difference between the colors in terms ofhue, chroma and/or lightness. These three-dimensions of color differencemay be evaluated independently or jointly.

In the CIE 1976 LUV CAM, the color gamut coordinates are denoted u andv, and the lightness scale denoted L, completely defining hue, chromaand lightness. The described systems and methods incorporate thelightness of the optical device (OD) designed and constructed is a keyCPM and defined by Equations 4-6, below.

$\begin{matrix}{{{Tristimulus}\mspace{14mu} {Values}_{OD}} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{Y_{OD} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{Illuminant}\; (\lambda){T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{X_{OD} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{x}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Z_{OD} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{z}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix}.} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \\{{f\left( Y_{OD} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{\left( \frac{Y_{OD}}{100} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}},} & {Y_{OD} > {100*\left( \frac{6}{29} \right)^{3}}} \\{{{\frac{1}{3}\left( \frac{29}{6} \right)^{2}\left( \frac{Y_{OD}}{100} \right)} + \frac{4}{29}},} & {otherwise}\end{matrix}.} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \\{\mspace{79mu} {L_{OD} = {{116{f\left( Y_{OD} \right)}} - 16.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6}\end{matrix}$

The illuminant may be any singular illuminants or any blended light.T(λ) is the transmission spectrum of the optical device. L_(OD) is thelightness of the optical device. A minimum transmission value of theoptical device of at least 0.1% can be imposed on the design andconstruction to ensure minimal transmittance at some or all visiblewavelengths for safety or other reasons. For example, such minimumtransmission limits may be imposed for one or more wavelengths within550 nm to 620 nm, and within 440 nm to 510 nm.

Tristimulus values, denoted by X, Y, Z are comprised of spectra of theilluminant, the optical device transmission (in single-pass ordouble-pass), CMFs, and SPDs (e.g. reflectance) of colors in view.Tristimulus Values_(OD) denotes tristimulus values with a selectivelight transmission optical device (OD).

Lightness of the optical device is a similar CPM to the photopic andscotopic luminosity of the OD, which are the apparent transparencies ofthe optical device under lit or very dim light sources, respectively.Color correction or enhancement for those with Red Green CVD and/or YCVcan be achieved through increased color difference, which is theenlarged perceived difference in two or more colors. Lightnessdifferences between two or more colors are a factor in color contrast.In this invention, the lightness of color perceived through the opticaldevice is a key CPM. Equations 7-9 define the perceived lightness of acolor i through an optical device, where i is an index for a selectedcolor such as the Munsell Color set, Ishihara color set, or othersamples of natural or artificial colors.

$\begin{matrix}{{{Tristimulus}\mspace{14mu} {Values}_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i}} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{Y_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{C_{i}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{X_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{C_{i}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{x}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Z_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{C_{i}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix},} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \\{{f\left( Y_{{color}\mspace{11mu} i} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{\left( \frac{Y_{{color}\mspace{11mu} i}}{100} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}},} & {Y_{{color}\mspace{11mu} i} > {100*\left( \frac{6}{29} \right)^{3}}} \\{{{\frac{1}{3}\left( \frac{29}{6} \right)^{2}\left( \frac{Y_{{color}\mspace{11mu} i}}{100} \right)} + \frac{4}{29}},} & {otherwise}\end{matrix},} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \\{\mspace{79mu} {{L_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i} = {{116{f\left( Y_{{color}\mspace{14mu} i} \right)}} - 16}},}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 9}\end{matrix}$

where C_(i)(Δ) is the spectral power distribution (SPD) incident on theoptical device. Such SPDs can be reflectance or emission spectra ofselected color i.

Another key CPM is the Lightness Difference (LD) between two colors ortwo sets of colors. Equation 10 below describes LD between any red colorset and any green color set, forming red-green LD.

$\begin{matrix}{{{Red}\text{-}{Green}\mspace{14mu} {Lightness}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}} = {{L_{{average},{red}} - L_{{average},{green}}} = {\left( \frac{\sum_{{r \in {{red}\mspace{14mu} {color}\mspace{14mu} {set}}}\;}L_{r}}{R} \right) - {\left( \frac{\sum_{{g \in {{green}\mspace{14mu} {color}\mspace{14mu} {set}}}\;}L_{g}}{G} \right).}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 10}\end{matrix}$

where R is the number of colors in red color set, and G is the number ofcolors in the green color set.

For improvement in red-green color contrast in order to correct orreduce CVD or enhance normal color vision, LD between selected red andgreen color sets (red-green LD) are increased via perception throughoptical device. Red-green LD may simultaneously enlarge contrast of redor green derivative colors such as orange, rose, magenta, pink, purple,brown, yellow-green and cyan.

The transmission spectrum of the optical device, T(λ), may be designedand constructed to amplify such red-green LD. The described MunsellColors spectra for red and green color sets can be used to evaluate andimprove the CPM of red-green LD.

The described Ishihara Colors spectra for red and green color sets, suchas those in FIGS. 7A-B and/or 8 can be used to evaluate and increase theCPM of red-green LD.

Additional natural or artificial spectra colors spectra for red, green,yellow, blue and derivative colors can be used to evaluate and increasethe CPM of red-green LD. Any combination of spectra of Munsell Colors,Ishihara Colors, and other natural and artificial colors for red, green,yellow, blue and/or derivative colors can be used to evaluate andincrease the CPM of red-green LD. For example, if red-green LD ofselected Munsell or Ishihara colors perceived with naked eye is somevalue A, and that perceived through OD is some value B, then thechange/difference in red-green LD is B-A. Positive valued red-green LDmeans that lightness of the selected red color or color set is higherthan lightness of the selected green color set. Vice versa for negativevalued red-green LD.

Equations 11 and 12 define the evaluation of

u,v

in CIE LUV color space based on tristimulus values. uv is thechromaticity coordinates referenced herein when referring to CIE LUV.

$\begin{matrix}{u = {\frac{4X}{X + {15Y} + {3Z}}.}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 11} \\{v = {\frac{9X}{X + {15Y} + {3Z}}.}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 12}\end{matrix}$

Additional CPMs may enable design and construction of an optical devicewith the desired transmission spectrum is the White Point Shift (WPS)and Tinted Hue of the device. The WPS and Tinted Hue directly contributeto the cosmetic look of the device. Equation 13 defines WPS.

White Point Shift_(optical device)=√{square root over ((u* _(wp) −u ^(η)_(wp))²+(v* _(wp) −v ^(η) _(wp))²)}  Equation 13,

where

u*_(wp), v*_(wp)

and

u^(η) _(wp), v^(η) _(wp)

denote White Point (WP) in uv coordinates of the optical device and withthe naked eye, respectively. These WP coordinates correspond to aparticular illuminant or Blended Light. These WP coordinates alsocorrespond to a particular color vision, such as normal color vision ora deficient color vision. WP and WPS are associated with single-passand/or double-pass tint of the OD. Tinted Hue of the optical device isthe hue of the WP of the optical device in single-pass or double-pass ODtint. Generally, unspecified WP of OD refers to WP in single-pass, andnot WP in double-pass.

Lightness-Independent Red-Green Color Difference (RG_(LI) ColorDifference) is another CPM. As FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate, the MacAdamEllipses for the color deficient encompasses large gamuts of red, greenand derivative colors. Colors inside the MacAdam Ellipses are confusingor hard to distinguish colors for the protan and deutan, particularlythe protanomalous and deuteranomalous. Often those with protanopia anddeuteranopia have even more elongated and enveloping MacAdam Ellipses.The dichromatic may also confuse most or all colors along and adjacentto the color confusion lines as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. Therefore,increasing RG_(LI) Color Difference is an effective method to reducingthe color confusion, increasing the color discernment for red-green andderivative colors for those with red-green CVD and/or for those withnormal color vision. The designs and constructions of optical deviceswith the desired transmission spectra that achieve the desired increasesin RG_(LI) Color Difference, can also achieve other CPMs in order tocorrect or reduce CVD and/or enhance normal color vision. Equation 14discloses the RG_(LI) Color Difference formula in uv coordinates.

RG_(LI)Color Difference=√{square root over ((u _(red) −u _(green))²+(v_(red) −v _(green))²)}  Equation 14,

where the red and green colors selected for evaluation can be singlecolors, or one or more sets of red colors, and one or more sets of greencolors.

The specified Munsell red color set and Munsell green color set areinputs into CPMs calculations, including RG_(LI) color difference,RG_(LI) color difference percent, LAB RG_(LI) color difference, LABRG_(LI) color difference percent, and red-green LD. The specifiedIshihara red color set and Ishihara green color set are inputs into CPMscalculations, including red-green LD. The specified Munsell blue colorset and Munsell yellow color set are inputs into CPMs calculations,including BY_(LI) color difference, BY_(LI) color difference percent,LAB BY_(LI) color difference, and LAB BY_(LI) color difference percent.

The average statistic of one or more selected red color sets can be usedto enumerate

u_(red), v_(red)

,

a_(red), b_(red)

and L_(red). The average statistic of one or more selected green colorsets can be used to enumerate

u_(green), v_(green)

,

a_(green), b_(green)

and L_(green).

The average statistic of one or more selected blue color sets can beused to enumerate

u_(blue), v_(blue)

,

a_(blue), b_(blue)

and L_(blue). The average statistic of one or more selected yellow colorsets can be used to enumerate

u_(yellow), v_(yellow)

,

a_(yellow), b_(yellow)

and L_(yellow).

The individual coordinate variable of <L, u, v>, of Luv color system and<L, a, b> of CIE LAB color system in CPMs calculations are individualaverages of the underlying colors' corresponding coordinate for adefined color set, provided that one or more color sets are specifiedfor the CPM. L of Luv equal to L of Lab. For example, u_(red) is theaverage of u-coordinate values of all colors in a selected red colorset; v_(red) is the average of v-coordinate values of all colors in aselected red color set; similarly for a selected green, yellow and/orblue color set. For example, a_(red) is the average of a-coordinatevalues of all colors in a selected red color set; b_(red) is the averageof b-coordinate values of all colors in a selected red color set;similarly for a selected green, yellow and/or blue color set. Forexample, L_(red) is the average of L-coordinate values of all colors ina selected red color set; similarly for a selected green, yellow and/orblue color set.

The CPM that compares the RG_(LI)Color Difference Percent between seeingthe contrast of red and green color sets with a designed and constructedoptical device with seeing the color contrast with only the naked eye isprovided by Equation 15.

$\begin{matrix}{{{{RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {Percent}} = {{100\left( {\frac{{RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Optical}\mspace{14mu} {Device}}{{RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Naked}\mspace{14mu} {Eye}} - 1} \right)} = {100\left( {\frac{\sqrt{\left( {u_{red}^{*} - u_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{red}^{*} - v_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2}}}{\sqrt{\left( {u_{red}^{\eta} - u_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{red}^{\eta} - v_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2}}} - 1} \right)}}},} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 15}\end{matrix}$

where

u*,v*

and

u^(η),v^(η)

denote color space coordinates with an optical device and with the nakedeye, respectively.

The CPM of Total Red-Green Color Difference (RG_(Total) ColorDifference) defines red-green color difference to include all threeaspects of color: lightness, hue and chroma, as Equation 16 shows.

$\begin{matrix}{{{RG}_{Total}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}} = {\sqrt{{LD}_{{red} - {green}}^{2} + {{RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}^{2}}} = {\sqrt{\left( {L_{red} - L_{green}} \right)^{2} + \left( {u_{red} - u_{green}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{red} - v_{green}} \right)^{2}}.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 16}\end{matrix}$

The CPM that compares the RG_(Total)Color Difference between seeing thecontrast of red and green color sets with a designed and constructedoptical device with seeing the color contrast with only the naked eye isdescribed in Equation 17.

$\begin{matrix}{{{RG}_{Total}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {Percent}} = {{100\left( {\frac{{RG}_{Total}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Optical}\mspace{14mu} {Device}}{{RG}_{Total}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Naked}\mspace{14mu} {Eye}} - 1} \right)} = {100\left( {{\frac{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {L_{red}^{*} - L_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2} + \left( {u_{red}^{*} - u_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {v_{red}^{*} - v_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}}{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {L_{red}^{\eta} - L_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} + \left( {u_{red}^{\eta} - u_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {v_{red}^{\eta} - v_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}}\left. \quad{- 1} \right)},} \right.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 17}\end{matrix}$

where

L*, u*, v*

and

L^(η), u^(η), v^(η)

denote color space coordinates, lightness included, with an opticaldevice and with the naked eye, respectively. That is “*” denote the useof OD and “η” denote use of the naked eye.

In the evaluation of all colorimetric characteristics, including allCPMs and color gamuts, the Tristimulus values as described in Equation 4are used to evaluate the underlying color space coordinates, for colorvision involving the optical devices. In the evaluation of allcolorimetric characteristics, including all CPMs and color gamuts, theTristimulus values as described in Equation 7 are used to evaluate theunderlying color space coordinates, for color vision involving theoptical devices and selected colors, including color sets.

The CPM of Hue Shift (HS) is a factor in the design and construction ofthe optical device. HS is defined as the ability of optical devices,through the transmission spectra, to maintain or alter the original huesof colors when viewed with and without the optical device. In someembodiments, HS is constrained to the “Preservation, Preserve orPreserved” category. That is, for example, if a color originally has agreen hue viewed with the naked eye, then an optical device have“preserved green hue” if the perceived color maintains a substantiallygreen hue when viewed with the optical device. In some embodiments, HSis constrained to the “Alteration, Alter or Altered” category. That is,for example, if a color originally has a green hue viewed with the nakedeye, then an optical device have “altered green hue” if the perceivedcolor changed from a green hue to a substantially non-green hue whenviewed with the optical device. HS is applied to every hues perceivable,comprised of green, cyan, blue, purple, red, orange, yellow,green-yellow, and neutral (inclusive of white, grey and black) hues.

In the design and construction of the transmission spectra of opticaldevices, it may be beneficial to have minimum transmission limits (MTLs)over some or all regions of wavelengths from 380 nm to 780 nm. Inparticular, a MTL of 0.01% or more for some or all wavelengths between500 nm and 650 nm allows sufficient illumination from traffic lights topass through the optical device and to be detected by drivers.

Lightness-Independent Blue-Yellow Color Difference (BY_(LI) ColorDifference) is a CPM important for an optical device designed andconstructed to reduce Yellow Color Vision (YCV). Larger BY_(LI)ColorDifference increases the ability of someone with YCV to distinguishbetween yellow, blue and derivative colors, such as yellow-green, cyan,yellow-orange, and purple. Uncorrected YCV have more difficulty indistinguishing those colors.

The designs and constructions of optical devices with the desiredtransmission spectra to achieve the increases in BY_(LI) ColorDifference and BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent in order to correct orreduce YCV and/or enhance normal color vision, and/or also to achieveother CPMs. Equation 18 discloses the BY_(LI) Color Difference formula.

BY_(LI)Color Difference=√{square root over ((u _(blue) −u _(yellow))²+(v_(blue) −v _(yellow))²)}  Equation 18,

where the blue and yellow colors selected for evaluation may be singlecolors, or one or more sets of blue colors, and one or more sets ofyellow colors.

The CPM, described in Equation 19, compares the BY_(LI)Color DifferencePercent for a YCV person between seeing the contrast of blue and yellowcolor sets with a designed and constructed optical device with seeingthe color contrast with the unassisted naked eye.

$\begin{matrix}{{{{BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {Percent}} = {{100\left( {\frac{{BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Optical}\mspace{14mu} {Device}}{{BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Unassisted}\mspace{14mu} {YCV}} - 1} \right)} = {100\left( {\frac{\sqrt{\left( {u_{blue}^{*} - u_{yellow}^{*}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{blue}^{*} - v_{yellow}^{*}} \right)^{2}}}{\sqrt{\left( {u_{blue}^{\eta} - u_{yellow}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{blue}^{\eta} - v_{yellow}^{\eta}} \right)^{2}}} - 1} \right)}}},} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 19}\end{matrix}$

where

u*, v*

and

u^(η), v^(η)

denote color space coordinates of a YCV viewer seeing with an opticaldevice and with the unassisted naked eye, respectively.

Tuning the transmission spectra of an optical device that improves YCVcan achieve (1) larger BY_(LI) Color Difference, including percentagedifference, in order to better distinguish blue, yellow and similarcolors, (2) decreased WPS of the assisted or corrected YCV, i.e. WPS ofthe light on the retina after passing through the OD, NCL or IOL and anyother light altering media, and/or (3) minimal WPS of the optical deviceas acceptable cosmetic tints.

Color balance is the adjustment and/or control (collectively termed“manage”) of perceived color, typical of an objective, such as anoptical device. Color balance may manage the residual cosmetic tint ofan optical device due to the device's spectral requirements. Forinstance, to increase an optical device's performance in RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent, inhibiting only yellow wavelengths between 550 nmand 600 nm in the optical device's transmission spectrum will result ina perceived blue, cyan or purple residual cosmetic tint on the opticaldevice. Color balancing may be used to further modify the opticaldevice's transmission spectrum to achieve or improve towards a neutraltint or another desirable tint. Another example application of colorbalancing is to design and construct an optical device to correct CVDwhile simultaneously manage the otherwise variable cosmetic tints of theoptical device under different lighting conditions, e.g. daylight,fluorescent lights, incandescent light and LED lights. This type ofcolor balance is called color constancy. In various applications, somecolor balancing cases may involve the use of chromic colorants, whichcreate variable spectra from a single optical device or optical systemto compensate for the corresponding variable lighting conditions. Othercases involve the careful design and construction of an optical device'ssingle or fixed transmission spectrum to color balance the opticaldevice's cosmetic tints under a variety of lighting conditions.

FIG. 9 illustrates a saturated red tinted lens spectrum 900 includingthe transmission spectrum 940 of an optical device, embodied in the formof a red-tinted OD. This optical device is intended for enhancingred-green color discernment for those with CVD and those with normalcolor vision. This OD may be constructed using three broad spectrumabsorptive dyes, with peak absorption at about 480 nm, 525 nm and 670nm, respectively. An ultraviolet (UV) absorbing dye with peak absorptionat 375 nm may be used to absorb UV and high-energy visible light (HEVL)up to 410 nm. The UV absorber serves to both block the electromagneticspectrum harmful to human eyes and also to reduce the bleaching effectsof UV and HEVL on the broad spectrum dyes. Consequently, the OD canremain lightfast and retain its transmission spectrum. The CPM of ODlightness is 49 viewed under CIE D65 illumination. OD's transmissionspectrum 940 in FIG. 9 has 3 characteristics: (1) low transmission 910up to 410 nm of between 0% and 20%, (2) medium transmission 920 from 411nm to 570 nm of between 5% and 30%, and (3) high transmission 930 from571 nm to 660 nm of between 10% and 60%.

FIG. 10 illustrates the colorimetric effects 1000 of the red-tinted ODwith the transmission spectrum 900 illustrated in FIG. 9. The horizontalconcentric ellipses are the MacAdam Ellipses 1010. The thin solid line,thin dashed line and solid circle mark the saturated Munsell colorgamut, pastel Munsell color gamut, and WP 1020 for a naked eyeprotanomalous or protanopic observer, respectively. The thick solidline, thick dashed line and solid square mark the saturated Munsellcolor gamut 1040, pastel Munsell color gamut 1050, and WP 1030 for aprotanomalous or protanopic observer seeing with the optical device,respectively. From neutral, the WP 1030 of the OD in single-pass isshifted by 0.067, i.e. between 0.005 and 0.15, distance units in

u,v

coordinates towards substantially red, yellow, orange or a combinationof these hues. Both the pastel Munsell color gamuts 1050 and saturatedMunsell color gamuts 1040—representative of broader color perception—arealso shifted towards red. As the color confusion lines 1060 for a protanconverge at or near the monochromatic red, the ability to distinguishbetween colors positioned on or adjacent to two separate color-confusionlines increases. In single-pass light, a red tinted OD and/orred-shifted gamuts 1040, 1050 of color perception increases colordiscernment for protanomalous or protanopic person and/or people withnormal color vision.

In FIG. 10 the MacAdam Ellipses 1010 for a protan (and very similarellipses for a deutan) are superimposed over the Munsell color gamuts1040, 1050. The red-tinted OD 1030 and in general all non-blue ornon-yellow tinted ODs shift the color perception gamuts to betterintersect adjacent or more distant MacAdam Ellipses, either on the redhue side or on the green hue side, relative to the smallest MacAdamEllipses in the middle. People with red-green CVD can distinguish colorson different MacAdam Ellipses, and are confused on colors positioned onor near the same MacAdam Ellipse. Therefore, non-blue or non-yellowtinted ODs can increase color discernment for both protans and deutans.

An optical device that increases the magnitude of the perceived LD(lightness difference) between previously confusing colors help the CVDto better distinguish those colors using lightness information. With thenaked eye, under CIE D65, the red-green LD of red and green color setsis: (1) 0.9 when those colors are represented by select Munsell colorsets, and (2) −0.5 when those colors are represented by select Ishiharacolor sets. A positive LD value indicate red color set (includingderivative colors such as orange and pink) are higher in lightness thangreen color set (including derivative colors such as cyan andyellow-green), and vice versa for a negative LD value.

When viewed through the red-tinted OD prescribed in FIGS. 9 and 10, thered-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 2.5 or between 1.0 and4.0, when those colors are represented by select Munsell red and greencolor sets, and (2) 1.3 or between 0.5 and 3.5 when those colors arerepresented by select Ishihara red and green color sets. The red-tintedOD has improved the vision of both protans and deutans to better discernpreviously confusing red, green and derivative colors by increasing theLD between those colors. The red-tinted OD prescribed by FIGS. 9 and 10has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 9.0% or between 5.0% and 15%based on select Munsell red and green color sets. In terms of Hue Shift(HS) CPM for pastel colors (as represented by pastel Munsell colorgamut), the OD altered green, cyan and blue hues to orange, yellow andred hues or similar hues, respectively. The HS CPM preserved red andorange hues. In terms of HS for saturated colors (as represented bysaturated Munsell color gamut), the OD altered green and yellow hues toyellow and orange or similar hues, respectively. The HS CPM preservedother saturated hues. In some applications, it is more desirable for theOD to preserve more of the original hues of both saturated and pastelcolors. For example, green hues of both saturated and pastel colors canbe preserved in other optical devices disclosed in this invention. InCPM evaluations where color reflectance spectra are required, such as inthe cases of color difference and color difference percent CPMs, selectMunsell colors, including defined color sets, and/or select Ishiharacolors, including defined color sets from illustrated color spectra, areused, unless otherwise stated.

FIG. 11 illustrates a plot 1100 of the transmission spectrum 1110 of anoptical device, embodied in the form of a rose-tinted optical device(OD). This rose-tinted OD is termed First Rose-Tinted OD. This OD isutilized for enhancing red-green color discernment for those with CVDand those with normal color vision. This OD may be constructed usingthree narrow spectrum absorptive dyes, with peak absorption at about 438nm 1170, peak absorption at about 520 nm 1160 and peak absorption atabout 555 nm 1180. An UV absorbing dye with peak absorption at 390 nmmay be used to absorb UV and high-energy visible light (HEVL) up to 405nm 1190. The substrate of this optical device may be any plastic, glassor other optically-transparent material.

FIG. 11 illustrates 4 pass-bands 1120, 1130, 1140, 1150 in thetransmission spectrum 1110 of the OD or tetrachromatic transmissionspectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm. At least one pass-band 1120 has a peaktransmittance wavelength shorter than 440 nm; at least two pass-bands1130, 1140 have peak transmittance wavelengths between 440 nm and 600nm, with one pass-band's 1130 peak wavelength shorter than that ofanother pass-band 1140 by at least 10 nm, and at least one pass-band1150 has peak transmission wavelength longer than 600 nm.

The tetrachromatic transmission spectrum 1110 of OD in FIG. 11 shows atleast one stop-band 1160 sandwiched between two pass-bands which arecentered between 440 nm and 600 nm, and such stop-band(s) has anabsorbance with a FWHM (full-width at half-maximum) of at least 5 nm,including at least 10 nm. There may be at least one absorbance peak atwavelengths longer than 600 nm. For any stop-band whose peak absorbanceis between 440 nm and 510 nm, its peak or max absorbance is less than80%, with the resultant transmission spectrum at higher than 20% at thewavelength of peak absorbance.

The First Rose-Tinted OD uses Polycarbonate (PC), anoptically-transparent plastic suitable for ophthalmic, automotive,aerospace and other applications due to PC's shatter-resistantproperties. The dyes are infused into a 10 mm uniform-thickness OD,round disk with a diameter of 80 mm. The disk is post-processed, such aspolished, film or treatment coated (e.g. anti-scratch, anti-glare,anti-fog) and shaped or cut into the desired geometries. Furthermore,the disk may be ground into the correct prescriptions for visual acuityand other vision correction applications. Each of the colorant used inthis OD may include concentrations between 0.1 and 100 micro-mol per 10mm of absorption thickness of those colorants. Absorption thickness isdefined as the physical distance that light transmits through wherelight absorption occurs. If the final absorption thickness of the OD isdifferent than 10 mm, then the concentrations of the same colorants maybe adjusted by the same proportional difference as governed by theBeer-Lambert Law. For example, if the colorant with peak absorption at555 nm has a concentration of 70 micro-mol per 10 mm of absorptionthickness, then its concentration needs to be 350 micro-mol per 2 mm ofabsorption thickness to achieve similar effective absorption. Forexample, if the colorant with peak absorption at 438 nm has aconcentration of 80 micro-mol per 1 mm of absorption thickness, then itsconcentration needs to be 8 micro-mol per 10 mm of absorption thicknessto achieve similar effective absorption. In certain configurations, anOD's physical thickness is its absorption thickness. Alternatively, theabsorption thickness is the physical thickness of the coating thicknessof the colorants.

The same sets of Munsell and/or Ishihara colors may be used to evaluateall CPMs when comparing any OD to the “red-tinted OD”, whosetransmission spectrum and gamut performance are illustrated in FIGS. 9and 10. The CPM of OD lightness is 84, or between 50 and 100, whenviewed under CIE D65 illumination, which is a high lightness, e.g.,suitable for indoor and outdoor ophthalmic use. The photopic andscotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 71% and 67%,respectively, or are both between 40% and 100%.

FIG. 12 illustrates a plot 1200 that shows the colorimetric effects ofthe rose-tinted OD with a transmission spectrum illustrated in the plot1100 of FIG. 11. The thin solid line, thin dashed line and solid circlemark the saturated Munsell color gamut, pastel Munsell color gamut, andWP 1210 for a naked eye red-green CVD observer, respectively. The thicksolid line, thick dashed line and solid square mark the saturatedMunsell color gamut 1240, pastel Munsell color gamut 1230, and WP 1220for a red-green CVD observer seeing with the OD, respectively. The WP1220 of the OD is shifted by 0.029 distance units, i.e., between 0.001and 0.2, in

u,v

coordinates towards red. This OD is cosmetically less red-tinted, andrather rose-tinted, which preserves originally white or very pastelcolors better. Both the pastel 1230 and saturated 1240 Munsell colorgamuts—representative of broader color perception—are also shiftedtowards red, though may not achieve red or warm color hues. Inparticular, warm colors (e.g., red, pink, orange) red-shifted the most.Non-primary and non-cool colors (e.g., yellow, purple) red-shifted lessthan the warm colors. Cool colors (e.g., green, cyan, blue) red-shiftedthe least. Some of the cool colors red-shifted imperceptibly or did notachieve JND (just noticeable difference).

The First Rose-Tinted OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of10.6%, or between 5% and 20%. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM for pasteland saturated Munsell color gamuts, the OD altered some green,yellow-green, yellow and some blue hues to yellow-green, yellow, orange,and purple hues or similar hues, respectively. The HS CPM preserved allother hues. Due to the minimal HSs, this embodiment better preserved theoriginal hues as viewed by the naked eye than the red-tinted ODrepresented in FIGS. 9 and 10.

As is the case with the red-tinted OD represented FIGS. 9 and 10, theFirst Rose-Tinted OD and its red-shifted gamuts of color perceptionincreases color recognition/discernment for protanomalous or protanopicperson due to the OD's ability to decrease color distance betweenadjacent color confusion lines for the user.

As is the case with the red-tinted OD in FIGS. 7 and 8, the FirstRose-Tinted OD shifts the color perception gamuts to better intersectadjacent or more distant MacAdam Ellipses on the warm-color hue side,relative to the smallest MacAdam Ellipses in the middle. Therefore, theFirst Rose-Tinted OD can increase color discernment for both deutans andprotans.

When viewed through the First Rose-Tinted OD, the red-green LD of redand green color sets is: (1) 3.0, or between 0.5 and 4.5, when thosecolors are represented by select Munsell color sets and reflectancespectra, and (2) 2.1, or between 0.5 and 4.5, when those colors arerepresented by select Ishihara color sets and reflectance spectra. Therose-tinted OD allows protans, deutans and normal people to betterdiscern previously confusing red, green and derivative colors byincreasing the LD between those colors, similar to the red-green LDeffects of the red-tinted OD in FIGS. 7 and 8.

FIG. 13 illustrates a plot 1300 representing the transmission spectrum1310 of an optical device, embodied in the form of a second rose-tintedoptical device (OD). This rose-tinted OD is termed the SecondRose-Tinted OD. This OD is intended for enhancing red-green colordiscernment for those with CVD and/or those with normal color vision.This OD was constructed using five absorptive dyes, with peak absorptionat about 395 nm 1320, 438 nm 1330, 490 nm 1340, 570 nm 1350 and 590 nm1360. The substrate of this OD may be any plastic, glass or otheroptically-transparent material. The Second Rose-Tinted OD may utilizeCR-39, an optically-transparent plastic. The dye coating process startswith dissolving the dyes into a solvent, well mixed and then surfacecoated onto a 2.5 mm uniform-thickness lens of zero optical power.Coating of OD with or without any vision correction capability canfollow standard manufacturing processes. The round lens blank has adiameter of 70 mm. The coating process may occur via dipping, spraying,spinning or other standard coating methods. The thickness of the dyecoating may typically be between 1 micron and 80 microns, for example.The concentrations of these dyes can range between 20 micro-mol and20,000 micro-mol due to the thin dye coating. The disk may bepost-processed, such as treatment coated (e.g. anti-scratch, anti-glare,anti-fog) and cut into the desired geometries. The lightness CPM of theSecond Rose-Tinted OD is 56, or between 30 and 70, viewed under CIE D65illumination. The photopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of theOD are 28% and 34%, respectively, or are both between 10% and 50%.

The plot 1300 of FIG. 13 illustrates pass-band 1370, pass-band 1380,pass-band 1390, and pass-band 1391 in the transmission spectrum 1310 ofthe OD (the tetrachromatic transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm).One pass-band 1370 has a peak transmittance wavelength shorter than 440nm, two pass-bands 1380, 1390 have peak transmittance wavelengthsbetween 440 nm and 610 nm, with one pass-band's peak wavelength shorterthan that of another pass-band by at least 10 nm, and at least onepass-band 1391 has peak wavelength longer than 610 nm. There may be atleast one absorbance peak at a wavelength longer than 591 nm.

The tetrachromatic transmission spectrum 1310 of OD in FIG. 13 shows astop-band 1340 sandwiched between two pass-bands 1380, 1390, which arecentered between 440 nm and 610 nm, and such stop-band has an absorbancewith a full-width at 80% of maximum of at least 5 nm, including at least8 nm. Full-width at 80% of maximum absorbance is the width of theabsorbance band at 80% of the peak absorbance of the spectrum.Full-width at 80% of maximum transmittance is the width of the pass-bandat 80% of the peak transmittance of the spectrum. Full-width at 80% ofmaximum is a simple numerical variant of the more popular FWHM(full-width at 50% of maximum).

For spectrum 1310, the corresponding stop-band is centered at 490 nm1340, with a local valley transmission at around 37%, and local peakabsorbance at 63%. Therefore, full-width at 80% max absorbance is withabsorbance at 63%×80%=50% or equivalently transmission is at 50%. Hence,the full-width of the stop-band centered at 490 nm 1340 and 50%absorbance is approximately 10 nm. So the full-width at 80% of maxabsorbance at the stop-band is 10 nm.

At least one pass-band 1391 centered between 571 nm and 780 nm, and ithas a peak transmission higher than the peak transmission of at leastone pass-band centered between 380 nm and 570 nm 1370, 1380, 1390. Forexample, stop-band 395 nm 1320, stop-band 438 nm 1330, stop-band 490 nm1340, stop-band 520 nm 1392, stop-band 570 nm 1350, stop-band 590 nm1360 and stop-band 780 nm 1394 are stop-bands illustrated in FIG. 13. Itis equivalent to state that the stop-bands are centered or haveabsorbance peaks at these identified wavelengths. For example, pass-band380 nm 1395, pass-band 410 nm 1370, pass-band 475 nm 1380, pass-band 505nm 1390, pass-band 535 nm 1393, pass-band 585 nm 1396 and pass-band 6701391 nm are pass-bands illustrated in FIG. 13. It is equivalent to statethat the pass-bands are centered or have transmission peaks at theseidentified wavelengths.

FIG. 14 illustrates a plot 1400 that shows the colorimetric effects ofthe Second Rose-Tinted OD described with respect to FIG. 13. The thinsolid line, thin dashed line and solid circle mark the saturated Munsellcolor gamut, pastel Munsell color gamut, and WP 1410 for a naked eyered-green CVD observer, respectively. The thick solid line, thick dashedline and solid square mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 1420,pastel Munsell color gamut 1430, and WP 1440 for a red-green CVDobserver seeing with the OD, respectively. The WP 1440 of the OD isshifted by 0.036, or more specifically between 0.001 and 0.2, distanceunits in

u,v

coordinates towards red. This OD may be cosmetically rose-tinted, whichpreserves originally white or very pastel colors better than a strongred-tinted OD in FIGS. 9 and 10. Both the pastel 1430 and saturated 1420Munsell color gamuts are also shifted towards yellow, yellow-red or red.In particular, warm colors (e.g., red, pink, orange) red-shifted themost. Non-primary and non-cool colors (e.g., yellow, purple) red-shiftedless than the warm colors. Some cool colors (e.g., green, cyan, blue),if red-shifted, did so with the least magnitude. Other cool colorsred-shifted imperceptibly or did not achieve JND. Furthermore, somegreen, cyan and blue hues remained in their original perceptions. Manysaturated cyan and some green hues may be enhanced to be even moresaturated.

The Second Rose-Tinted OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of77.4%, or more specifically between 20% and 100%. In terms of Hue Shift(HS) CPM for pastel 1430 Munsell color gamut, the OD altered some green,yellow-green, yellow and some blue hues to yellow-green, yellow, orange,and purple hues or similar hues, respectively. In terms of Hue Shift(HS) CPM for saturated 1420 Munsell color gamut, the OD altered someyellow-green, yellow and orange hues to yellow, orange, and red hues orsimilar hues, respectively. The HS CPM preserved all other hues in boththe pastel and saturated color sets or gamuts. Due to the minimal HSs,this embodiment better preserved the original hues as viewed by thenaked eye than the red-tinted OD illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10.

As is the case with the red-tinted OD in FIGS. 9 and 10, the SecondRose-Tinted OD and its red-shifted gamuts 1420, 1430 of color perceptionfurther increases color recognition/discernment for protanomalous orprotanopic person due to the OD's ability to decrease color distancebetween adjacent color confusion lines for the user. As is the case withthe red-tinted OD in FIGS. 9 and 10, the Second Rose-Tinted OD shiftsthe color perception gamuts to better intersect adjacent or more distantMacAdam Ellipses on the warm-color hue side, relative to the smallestMacAdam Ellipses in the middle. Therefore, the Second Rose-Tinted OD canincrease color discernment for both deutans and protans. When viewedthrough the Second Rose-Tinted OD, the red-green LD of red and greencolor sets is: (1) 2.0, or between 0.5 and 4.0, when those colors arerepresented by select Munsell color sets, and (2) 1.6, or between 0.5and 4.0, when those colors are represented by select Ishihara colorsets. The Second Rose-Tinted OD allows protans, deutans and normalpeople to better discern previously confusing red, green and derivativecolors by increasing the LD between those colors, especially targetingred and green LDs on the Ishihara Colorblindness Test.

FIG. 15 illustrates a plot 1500 of the transmission spectrum 1510 of anoptical device, embodied in the form of a blue-tinted optical device(OD), referred to as the Blue-Tinted OD. This OD may enhance red-greencolor discernment for those with CVD and those with normal color vision.This OD may be constructed using five narrow spectrum absorptive dyes,with peak absorption at about 475 nm 1520, 570 nm 1530, 590 nm 1540, 615nm 1550 and 665 nm 1560.

The Blue-Tinted OD may be formed from Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA),an optically-transparent plastic suitable for ophthalmic, windows andother general applications. The dyes are compounded and molded (i.e.,infused) into a 3 mm uniform-thickness OD, round disk with a diameter of68 mm. Each of the colorant used in this OD has concentrations between0.1 and 300 micro-mol per 3 mm of absorption thickness of thosecolorants. Like with other compounded and molded plastics describedbefore, post-processing of the disk, such as polishing, coating,grinding and cutting can be performed to satisfy product requirements.The lightness CPM of the Blue-Tinted OD is 40, or between 20 and 60,viewed under CIE D65 illumination. The photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD are 13% and 17%, respectively, or are bothbetween 5% and 70%.

Plot 1500 of FIG. 15 illustrates 4 pass-bands 1570, 1580, 1590, 1591 inthe transmission spectrum 1510 (tetrachromatic transmission spectrum1510) from 380 nm to 780 nm). At least one pass-band 1570 has a peaktransmittance wavelength shorter than 479 nm, at least one pass-band1580 has a peak transmittance wavelength between 480 nm and 570 nm, atleast one pass-band 1590 has a peak transmittance wavelength between 571nm and 660 nm, and at least one pass-band 1591 has peak wavelengthlonger than 661 nm. Pass-bands 1590, 1591 may be centered between 571 nmand 780 nm, and it has a peak transmission higher than the peaktransmission of at least one pass-band 1570, 1580 centered between 380nm and 570 nm. Peak wavelength of one or more pass-bands 1580 centeredbetween 480 nm and 570 nm is at least 40 nm shorter than peak wavelengthof one or more pass-bands centered between 571 nm and 660 nm 1590. Thepeak absorbance of at least one stop-band centered between 630 nm and780 nm is higher than the peak absorbance of at least one stop-bandcentered between 380 nm and 630 nm. The center of a stop-band isequivalent to the wavelength of peak absorbance of the same stop-band.The center of a pass-band is equivalent to the wavelength of peaktransmission of the same pass-band.

FIG. 16 illustrates a plot 1600 that shows the colorimetric effects ofthe Blue-Tinted OD described with respect to FIG. 15. The thin solidline, thin dashed line and solid circle mark the saturated Munsell colorgamut, pastel Munsell color gamut, and WP 1610 for a naked eye red-greenCVD observer, respectively. The thick solid line, thick dashed line andsolid square mark the saturated 1620 Munsell color gamut, pastel 1630Munsell color gamut, and WP 1640 for a red-green CVD observer seeingwith the OD, respectively. From neutral, the WP 1640 of the OD isshifted by 0.049, or between 0.001 and 0.2 distance units in

u,v

coordinates towards blue. Both the pastel 1630 and saturated 1620 colorgamuts are also shifted towards blue. Many saturated cyan, blue andyellow colors remained in their original color perceptions. TheBlue-Tinted OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 59.7% orbetween 10% and 100%. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM for pastel 1630Munsell color gamut, the OD altered yellow, some green and some red huesto be almost neutral, cyan and purple hues or similar hues,respectively. For other Munsell pastel 1630 gamut colors and saturated1620 Munsell color gamut, the OD preserved the hues. Due to the minorHSs, this configuration may preserve the original hues as viewed by thenaked eye than the red-tinted OD prescribed in FIGS. 9 and 10.

As is the case with the red-tinted OD in FIGS. 9 and 10, the Blue-TintedOD shifts the color perception gamuts to better intersect adjacent ormore distant MacAdam Ellipses on the cool-color hue side, relative tothe smallest MacAdam Ellipses in the middle. This OD may increase colordiscernment for both deutans and protans. When viewed through theBlue-Tinted OD, the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1)−1.4 or between −4.0 and 0.8 when those colors are represented by selectMunsell color sets, and (2) −1.0 or between −4.0 and −0.6 when thosecolors are represented by select Ishihara color sets. The Blue-Tinted ODallows protans, deutans and normal people to better discern previouslyconfusing red, green and derivative colors by increasing the LD betweenthose color sets. With green color set higher in lightness than redcolor set, the OD overcame the original lightness difference of redcolor set being higher in lightness than green color set when lookingwith only naked eye.

FIG. 17 illustrates a plot 1700 that shows the transmission spectra1710, 1720, 1730 of an optical device exposed to various lightingconditions. This yellow-tinted OD exhibits photochromism, and is termedFirst Photochromic OD. This OD enhances red-green color discernment forthose with CVD and those with normal color vision. The dashed-line isthe transmission spectrum 1720 of the OD under non- or low-UV artificiallighting, such as the CIE F11 fluorescent lighting. The dotted-line isthe transmission spectrum 1710 of the photochromic colorants underdaylight illumination, such as the CIE D65, which occurs in addition tothe persistent transmission spectra 1720 (dashed-line) when exposed todaylight or another UV source. The photochromic dyes are activated by aUV source. The resultant or effective transmission spectrum 1730 of theOD under daylight, including overcast illumination, is shown by thesolid line. For illumination conditions where both fluorescent lightingand daylight exist, then any resultant transmission spectrum of the ODis bounded between the solid-line spectrum 1730 and dash-line spectrum1720, at each wavelength between 380 nm and 780 nm. The pure daylightilluminated spectrum 1730 is the lower bound and the pure non- or low-UVlight illuminated spectrum 1720 is the upper bound. The pure non- orlow-UV light transmission spectrum 1720 may be constructed using threenon-photochromic dyes with peak absorption at about 475 nm 1740, 595 nm1750 and 645 nm 1760. The two photochromic dyes are used, and whenactivated by a UV source have peak absorptions at about 490 nm 1770 and575 nm 1780, respectively. At least one photochromic dye has absorbancepeak between 380 nm and 540 nm when activated, such as peak absorption1770. At least one photochromic dye has absorbance peak between 541 nmand 780 nm when activated, such as peak absorption 1780.

Under a UV source, such as daylight, plot 1700 shows at least 4pass-bands 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794 in the transmission spectrum of the ODor at least tetrachromatic transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm,denoted by the solid line. At least one pass-band has a peaktransmittance wavelength shorter than 440 nm 1791, at least onepass-band has a peak transmittance wavelength between 480 nm and 570 nm1792, at least one pass-band has a peak transmittance wavelength between571 nm and 670 nm 1793, and at least one pass-band has peak wavelengthlonger than 671 nm 1794. For FIG. 17, one pass-band is substantiallycentered at 415 nm 1791, one pass-band is substantially centered at 515nm 1792, one pass-band is substantially centered at 630 nm 1793, and onepass-band is substantially centered at 690 nm 1794. Wavelength of peaktransmission of one or more pass-bands 1792 centered between 480 nm and570 nm is at least 40 nm shorter than wavelength of peak transmission ofone or more pass-bands 1793 centered between 571 nm and 670 nm. Thelowest transmission between 571 nm and 780 nm is higher than the lowesttransmission between 380 nm and 570 nm.

A non- or low-UV source is any light source that does not substantiallyactivate the photochromic dyes, such as CIE F11, F2 and F7. An UV sourceis any light source that substantially activates the photochromic dyes,such as daylight.

Within 480 nm to 570 nm of an OD's transmission spectrum, the peaktransmittance of at least one pass-band when illuminated only by anynon- or low-UV source is at least 2% higher than the peak transmittanceof at least one pass-band when illuminated at least by any UV source.

Within 520 nm to 620 nm of an OD's transmission spectrum, the FWHM of atleast one stop-band when illuminated at least by any UV source is atleast 2 nm wider than the FWHM of at least one stop-band whenilluminated only by any non- or low-UV source.

For example in FIG. 17, peak transmission of the pass-band 1795substantially centered at 520 nm and illuminated by CIE F11 isapproximately 10% higher than the peak transmission of the pass-band1792 substantially centered at 515 nm and illuminated by CIE D65.

For example in FIG. 17, FWHM of the stop-band substantially centered at595 nm and illuminated by CIE D65 is approximately 20 nm wider than theFWHM of the stop-band also substantially centered at 595 nm, asilluminated by CIE F11.

Photochromic dyes may be chemically categorized as Spiroxazines,Naphthopyrans or other types. The photochromic dyes may be added tocolor balance the OD's cosmetic tints under both non- or low-UV lightand daylight illuminations, such that the OD cosmetic tints insingle-pass and/or double-pass under multiple lighting environments areof acceptable chroma, such as pastel yellows, blues, reds, greens orother pastel colors.

The cosmetic tints of the OD under different lighting conditions may bedesigned and constructed to be color constant under all (or a subset) ofthose lighting conditions by using photochromic and non-photochromiccolorants to modify the OD's transmission spectra. The photochromic andnon-photochromic dyes may tune the transmission spectra to achieve highperformance of the CPMs under different lighting conditions, e.g.,daylight and fluorescent light.

There are a number of ways of incorporating photochromic dyes onto orinto the OD. Photochromic dyes often require a substrate matrix that isflexible and has enough space at the molecular level to allow thephotochromic dyes to change physical structure. These requirements maybe achieved by infusing the two photochromic dyes into an opticalmonomer such as MMA (methyl methacrylate) resin blends, then UV orthermally curing with desired specifications, e.g., mechanical,geometric and optical requirements. Photochromic dyes may also beincorporated into one or more matrix layers which are then laminated orsandwiched between other layers. Furthermore, the photochromic dyes maybe surface coated onto a layer using spray, spin, dip or other coatingmethods. Chemical additives, such as siloxanes, and other resins can beused with the matrix to alter the chemical structure of the OD'ssubstrate, and thus improve the photochromic dye performance.

For the First Photochromic OD, non-photochromic dyes may be incorporatedinto the OD substrate in the same manners as those for the photochromicdyes. Less stringent requirements on the molecular structure of thesubstrate are needed for proper performance of the non-photochromicdyes. The non-photochromic dyes may be incorporated onto or into thesame or different optical layer(s) as those for the photochromic dyesthrough coating or mixing, respectively, or through other well-knownmanufacturing methods. The post-processing of the OD described hereinmay be applied, such as surface coatings, curing, cutting, grinding andpolishing.

Viewed under CIE F11 illumination, without photochromic dye activation,the lightness CPM of the First Photochromic OD is 44, where that withthe naked eye is 57. Equivalently, under CIE F11 illumination, lightnessof OD is 77% of that with the naked eye or is 77 or is between 50 and100. The photopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 56%and 50%, respectively, or are both between 30% and 90%. Viewed under CIED65 illumination (with photochromic dye activation), the lightness CPMof the First Photochromic OD is 70, where that with the naked eye is 96.Equivalently, under CIE D65 illumination, lightness of OD is 73% of thatwith the naked eye or is 73 or is between 50 and 100. The photopic andscotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 45% and 43% respectively,or are both between 20% and 90%.

The difference in the photopic luminous transmittances of the OD iswithin 40% when the illuminant switches from CIE F11 to CIE D65,regardless of presence of one or more photochromic dyes.

The difference in the scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD iswithin 40% when the illuminant switches from CIE F11 to CIE D65,regardless of presence of one or more photochromic dyes.

FIG. 18A illustrates a plot 1800 a that shows the colorimetric effectsof the First Photochromic OD under F11 illuminant and with adeuteranomalous observer, where the M-cone is red-shifted 10 nm. FIG.18B illustrates a plot 1800 b that shows the colorimetric effects of theFirst Photochromic OD under D65 illuminant and with the samedeuteranomalous observer.

For both FIGS. 18A and 18B, the thin solid line, thin dashed line andsolid circle mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 1840 a, 1840 b,pastel Munsell color gamut 1850 a, 1850 b, and WP 1820 a, 1820 b for anaked eye red-green CVD observer, respectively. The thick solid line,thick dashed line and solid square mark the saturated Munsell colorgamut 1830 a, 1830 b, pastel Munsell color gamut 1860 a, 1860 b, and WP1810 a, 1810 b for a red-green CVD observer seeing with the OD,respectively. Select pastel and saturated Munsell colors are used.

For FIG. 18A, from neutral 1820 a, the WP 1810 a of the OD is shifted by0.01, or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. For FIG. 18B, from neutral 1820 b, the WP 1810 b of the ODis shifted by 0.012, or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates.

Without the photochromic dyes activated (including use of such dyes),the WP of the OD in daylight may be shifted by at least 0.005 distanceunits more or less than the WPS 1810 b of OD in daylight withphotochromic dye activation, in

u,v

coordinates. WPS is towards blue, cyan, green, yellow-green, yellow,yellow-red, red, purple or substantially these hues. The difference inthe WPSes of the OD is within 0.2 in uv coordinates when the illuminantswitches from CIE F11 to CIE D65, regardless of the use and activationof any photochromic dyes.

At least one of an OD's single-pass WPs, i.e., single-pass cosmetictint, is non-red compared to naked eye (i.e., chromatically-adaptedneutral) when illuminated by CIE F2, D65 or F11. “Non-red compared tonaked eye” refers to the u-value of the OD's WP is less than the u-valueof the naked eye (equivalently, WP of naked eye) under an illuminant.

Under CIE F11, the First Photochromic OD has a RG_(LI) Color DifferencePercent of 17.1%, or between 5% and 70%. Both the pastel and saturatedcolor gamuts 1860 a, 1830 a are minimally shifted towards yellow. Interms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues largely remained the same when viewedwith and without the OD. Hence, hues are preserved. Under CIE D65illuminant, the First Photochromic OD has a RG_(LI) Color DifferencePercent of 41.0%, or between 5% and 70%. Both the pastel and saturatedcolor gamuts 1860 b, 1830 b are minimally shifted towards yellow. Interms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, all hues largely remained the same whenviewed with and without the OD. Hence, hues are preserved.

The difference in the RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the OD iswithin 50% when the illuminant switches from CIE F11 to CIE D65,regardless of the presence and/or activation of any photochromic dyes.

When viewed under CIE D65 lighting and through the First PhotochromicOD, the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 1.9, or between0.5 and 4.0, when those colors are represented by select Munsell colorsets, and (2) 1.8 or between 0.5 and 4.0 when those colors arerepresented by select Ishihara color sets. When viewed under CIE F11lighting and through the First Photochromic OD, the red-green LD of redand green color sets is: (1) 1.6 or between 0.5 and 4.0 when thosecolors are represented by select Munsell color sets, and (2) 1.7 orbetween 0.5 and 4.0 when those colors are represented by select Ishiharacolor sets. The First Photochromic OD allows protans, deutans and normalpeople to better discern previously confusing red, green and derivativecolors by increasing the LD between those color sets. Viewing throughthe OD, the difference in the red-green LDs when the illuminant switchesfrom CIE F11 to CIE D65 is within 3.5 for both Ishihara and Munsellcolor sets, regardless of the presence and/or activation of anyphotochromic dyes.

FIG. 19 illustrates a plot 1900 that shows the transmission spectra1910, 1920, 1930 of an optical device, embodied in the form of ayellow-tinted OD, exposed to various lighting conditions. This ODexhibits photochromism, and is referred to as the Second PhotochromicOD. This OD may enhance red-green color discernment for those with CVDand those with normal color vision. The dashed-line is the transmissionspectrum 1920 of the OD under CIE F2 fluorescent lighting, as anotherexample of a non- or low-UV source. The dotted-line is the transmissionspectrum 1910 of one or more photochromic colorants under D65 daylightillumination, which occurs in addition to the persistent transmissionspectra 1920 (dashed-line) when exposed to daylight or another UVsource. The resultant or effective transmission spectrum 1930 of the ODunder daylight, including overcast illumination, is shown by the solidline. For illumination conditions where both fluorescent lighting anddaylight exist, then any resultant transmission spectrum of the OD isbounded between the solid-line spectrum 1930 and dash-line spectrum1920, at each wavelength between 380 nm and 780 nm. The non- or low-UV,e.g. fluorescent light lit, transmission spectrum 1920 may beconstructed using four non-photochromic dyes with peak absorptions atabout 438 nm 1940, 475 nm 1950, 585 nm 1960 and 645 nm 1970. At leastone photochromic dye has absorbance peak between 520 nm and 780 nm whenactivated, such as peak absorption 1980.

Under a UV source, such as daylight, plot 1900 shows at least 4pass-bands 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 in the transmission spectrum1930 or at least tetrachromatic transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780nm, denoted by solid line. At least one pass-band 1990 has a peaktransmittance wavelength shorter than 440 nm, at least two pass-bands1990, 1991 have peak transmittance wavelengths shorter than 495 nm, atleast four pass-bands 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 have peak transmittancewavelengths shorter than 595 nm, where at least one pass-band's peaktransmittance wavelength is at least 5 nm longer than that of anotherpass-band, at least one pass-band 1994 has a peak wavelength longer than596 nm. For spectrum 1930, one pass-band 1990 is substantially centeredat 405 nm, one pass-band 1991 is substantially centered at 450 nm, onepass-band 1992 is substantially centered at 510 nm, one pass-band 1993is substantially centered at 545 nm, and another pass-band 1994 issubstantially centered at 690 nm. The lowest transmission between 530 nmand 780 nm is higher than the lowest transmission between 380 nm and 529nm.

Within 380 nm to 780 nm of an OD's transmission spectrum, the peaktransmittance of at least one pass-band 1995 when illuminated by anynon- or low-UV source, i.e., inactivated photochromic dye(s), is atleast 2% higher than the peak transmittance of at least one pass-band(1993) when illuminated at least by one UV source. Within 520 nm to 620nm of an OD's transmission spectrum, the FWHM of at least one stop-band1960 when illuminated at least by any UV source is at least 2 nm widerthan the FWHM of at least one stop-band (1996) when illuminated by anynon- or low-UV source.

For example in FIG. 19, peak transmission of the pass-band substantiallycentered at 545 nm 1995 and illuminated by CIE F2 (non- or low-UVsource) is approximately 6% higher than the peak transmission of thepass-band also substantially centered at 545 nm 1993 when illuminated byCIE D65. For example in FIG. 19, FWHM of the stop-band 1960substantially centered at 585 nm and illuminated by CIE D65 isapproximately 10 nm wider than the FWHM of the stop-band 1996 alsosubstantially centered at 585 nm, as illuminated by CIE F2.

One or more photochromic dyes is used, and when activated by a UV sourcehave peak absorption at about 590 nm 1980. Both photochromic andnon-photochromic colorants can be incorporated into or onto the ODsubstrate via previously described methods of construction.

Viewed under CIE F2 illumination, without photochromic dye activation,the lightness CPM of the Second Photochromic OD is 59, where that withthe naked eye is 81. Equivalently, under CIE F2 illumination, lightnessof OD is 72% of that with the naked eye or is 72 or is between 50 and100. The photopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD areboth between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE D65 illumination, withphotochromic dye activation, the lightness CPM of the SecondPhotochromic OD is 72, where that with the naked eye is 96.Equivalently, under CIE D65 illumination, lightness of OD is 75% of thatwith the naked eye or is 75 or is between 50 and 100. The photopic andscotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are both between 5% and 95%.The difference in the photopic luminous transmittances of the OD iswithin 40% when the illuminant switches from CIE F2 to CIE D65,regardless of the presence and/or activation of any photochromic dyes.The difference in the scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD iswithin 40% when the illuminant switches from CIE F2 to CIE D65,regardless of the presence and/or activation of any photochromic dyes.

FIG. 20A illustrates a plot 2000 a that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Second Photochromic OD under F2 illuminant and with adeuteranomalous observer, where the M-cone is red-shifted 15 nm. Selectpastel and saturated Munsell color gamuts are used. From neutral 2020 a,the WP 2010 a of the OD is shifted by 0.007, or between 0.001 and 0.2,distance units in

u,v

coordinates.

Without the photochromic dyes activated (including use of such dyes),the WP of the OD in daylight may be shifted by at least 0.003 distanceunits more or less than the WPS 2010 b of OD in daylight withphotochromic dye activation, in

u,v

coordinates.

FIG. 20B illustrates a plot 2000 b that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Second Photochromic OD under D65 illuminant and with the samedeuteranomalous observer. From neutral 2020 b, the WP 2010 b of the ODis shifted by 0.013, or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates towards yellow, creating a pastel yellow single-passcosmetic tint for the OD.

The difference in the WPSes of the OD is within 0.2 in uv coordinateswhen the illuminant switches from CIE F2 to CIE D65, regardless of theuse and/or activation of any photochromic dyes. At least one of an OD'ssingle-pass WPs, i.e., single-pass cosmetic tint, is non-red compared tonaked eye (i.e., chromatically-adapted neutral) when illuminated by CIEF2, D65 and/or F11.

For both FIGS. 20A and 20B, the thin solid line, thin dashed line andsolid circle mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2040 a, 2040 b,pastel Munsell color gamut 2050 a, 2050 b, and WP for a naked eyered-green CVD observer 2020 a, 2020 b. The thick solid line, thickdashed line and solid square mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2030a, 2030 b, pastel Munsell color gamut 2060 a, 2060 b, and WP 2010 a,2010 b for a red-green CVD observer seeing with the OD.

Under CIE F2 illumination, the Second Photochromic OD has a RG_(LI)Color Difference Percent of 48.6%, or between 10% and 90%. Both thepastel and saturated color gamuts 2060 a, 2030 a are minimally shiftedtowards yellow. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, gamut hues largelyremained the same when viewed with and without the OD. Hence, hues arepreserved. Under CIE D65 illuminant, the Second Photochromic OD has aRG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 40.9%, or between 10% and 90%. Boththe pastel and saturated color gamuts 2060 b, 2030 b are minimallyshifted towards yellow. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, gamut hueslargely remained the same when viewed with and without the OD. Hence,hues are preserved.

The difference in the RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the OD iswithin 50% when the illuminant switches from CIE F2 to CIE D65,regardless of the use and/or activation of any photochromic dyes.

When viewed under CIE D65 lighting and through the Second PhotochromicOD, the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 2.3, or between0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented by select Munsell colorsets, and (2) 2.1, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors arerepresented by select Ishihara color sets. When viewed under CIE F2lighting and through the Second Photochromic OD, the red-green LD of redand green color sets is: (1) 2.5 or between 0.5 and 5.0, when thosecolors are represented by select Munsell color sets, and (2) 2.0 orbetween 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented by selectIshihara color sets. The Second Photochromic OD allows protans, deutansand normal people to better discern previously confusing red, green andderivative colors by increasing the LD between those colors. Incomparison, with the naked eye under CIE D65 illuminant, the red-greenLD is: (1) 0.9 when those colors are represented by select Munsell redand green color sets, and (2) −0.5 when those colors are represented byselect Ishihara red and green color sets. Viewing through the OD, thedifference in the red-green LDs when the illuminant switches from CIE F2to CIE D65 is within 4.5 for both Ishihara and Munsell color sets,regardless of the presence of photochromic dyes.

FIG. 21 illustrates a plot 2100 that shows the transmission spectra 2110of an optical device, embodied in the form of a color constant opticaldevice (OD). This OD is referred to as a First Color Constant OD. ThisOD enhances red-green color discernment for those with CVD and thosewith normal color vision. This OD exhibits color constancy ofsingle-pass and/or double-pass cosmetic tint (including neutral tint ornear neutral tint) under multiple lighting sources, includingfluorescent and natural lighting, such as daylight, without the use ofchromic colorants. Chromic colorants are dyes, pigments and othercolorants that can be induced to change their optical characteristics.Chromic colorants include photochromic, thermochromic, electrochromic,and many others. Cosmetic tint may also include the WP (white point) ofan observers color vision while viewing through the OD. Color constancyrefers to the lightness, hue and/or chroma of a color appearance is thesame or nearly the same under different viewing environments, which caninclude different illuminants.

The transmission spectrum 2110 may be constructed using threenon-chromic dyes with peak absorptions at about 460 nm 2120, 580 nm 2130and 610 nm 2140. This spectrum may be designed and constructed to beinvariant, i.e., not chromic. The non-chromic dyes may be used to alterthe transmission spectra to achieve high performance of the CPMs underdifferent lighting conditions, e.g., daylight, fluorescent light and LEDlight. These non-chromic colorants may be incorporated into or onto asubstrate with suitable optical characteristic via many manufacturingmethods, such as compounding dyes into a substrate and molding thesubstrate into shape, coating the substrate via dipping, spraying and/orspinning or laminating the colorant layers between other substratelayers. Known post-processing of the OD can be applied, such as surfacecoatings, curing, cutting, grinding and polishing. Regardless of themanufacturing method or geometric dimensions or post-processing, the ODcontains the effective transmission spectra, as illustrated in FIG. 21.

FIG. 21 illustrates a plot 2100 that shows at least 4 pass-bands 2150,2160, 2170, 2180 in the transmission spectrum 2110 of the OD or at leasttetrachromatic transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm. At least onepass-band 2160 has a peak transmittance wavelength shorter than 460 nm;at least two pass-bands 2160, 2170 have peak transmittance wavelengthsshorter than 540 nm, at least three pass-bands 2160, 2170, 2150 havepeak transmittance wavelengths shorter than 640 nm, at least fourpass-bands 2160, 2170, 2150, 2180 have peak transmittance wavelengthsshorter than 780 nm, the pass-band 2180 with the longest peaktransmittance wavelength has a longer such wavelength by at least 10 nmthan that of the pass-band 2150 with the second longest peaktransmittance wavelength.

For spectrum 2100, one pass-band 2160 is substantially centered at 405nm, one pass-band 2170 is substantially centered at 505 nm, onepass-band 2150 is substantially centered at 600 nm, and anotherpass-band 2180 is substantially centered at 680 nm. The averagetransmission between 460 nm and 540 nm is higher than the averagetransmission between 550 nm and 600 nm.

Viewed under CIE F11 illumination the lightness CPM of the First ColorConstant OD is 41, where that with the naked eye is 57. Equivalently,under CIE F11 illumination, lightness of OD is 72% of that with thenaked eye, or is 72, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopicluminous transmittances of the OD are 48% and 52%, respectively, or areboth between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE F2 illumination the lightnessCPM of the First Color Constant OD is 55, where that with the naked eyeis 81. Equivalently, under CIE F2 illumination, lightness of OD is 68%of that with the naked eye, or is 68, or is between 50 and 100. Thephotopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 39% and 51%,respectively, or are both between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE D65illumination, the lightness CPM of the First Color Constant OD is 71,where that with the naked eye is 96. Equivalently, under CIE D65illumination, lightness of OD is 74% of that with the naked eye, or is74, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD are 47% and 54%, respectively, or are bothbetween 5% and 95%. The variation in the photopic luminoustransmittances of the OD is within 40% when the illuminant variesbetween CIE D65, F2 and F11. The variation in the scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD is within 40% when the illuminant variesbetween CIE D65, F2 and F11.

FIG. 22A illustrates plot 2200 a that shows the colorimetric effects ofthe First Color Constant OD under F11 illuminant. Select pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used. From neutral 2220 a, thesingle-pass cosmetic tint 2210 a of the OD is shifted (WPS), nearlyimperceptibly, by 0.003, or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. Hue of the OD's WP 2210 a is shifted towards substantiallyyellow, yellow-red, red or purple hue.

FIG. 22B illustrates a plot 2200 b that shows the colorimetric effectsof the First Color Constant OD under F2 illuminant. The same pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used from FIG. 22A. From neutral 2220b, the single-pass cosmetic tint 2210 b of the OD is minimally shifted(WPS) by 0.008, or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. Hue of the OD's WP 2210 b shifted towards substantiallyblue, cyan or purple hue.

FIG. 22C illustrates a plot 2200 c that shows the colorimetric effectsof the First Color Constant OD under D65 illuminant. The same pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used from FIGS. 22A and 22B. Fromneutral 2220 c, the single-pass cosmetic tint 2210 c of the OD isshifted (WPS) minimally by 0.007, or between 0.001 and 0.2 distanceunits in

u,v

coordinates. Hue of the OD's WP 2210 c shifted towards substantiallygreen, yellow-green, yellow or yellow-red hue.

In FIGS. 22A, 22B and 22C, the thin solid line, thin dashed line andsolid circle mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2240 a, 2240 b, 2240c, pastel Munsell color gamut 2250 a, 2250 b, 2250 c, and WP 2220 a,2220 b, 2220 c for a naked eye red-green CVD observer. The thick solidline, thick dashed line and solid square mark the saturated Munsellcolor gamut 2230 a, 2230 b, 2230 c, pastel Munsell color gamut 2260 a,2260 b, 2260 c, and WP 2210 a, 2210 b, 2210 c for a red-green CVDobserver or normal person seeing with the OD. The variation in the WPSesof the OD is within 0.2 in uv coordinates when the illuminant variesbetween CIE D65, F2 and F11.

The OD's single-pass WP 2210 b, i.e., single-pass cosmetic tint, isbluer with a smaller (or less larger) v-value compared to v-value of thenaked eye's WP 2220 b when illuminated by CIE F2 than that whenilluminated by CIE D65 2210 c, 2220 c and/or CIE F11 2210 a, 2220 a. TheOD's cosmetic tint appears to be bluer or less yellow when under CIE F2than when under D65 and/or F11. Bluer means color is more towards blue,i.e., in the direction of blue, though may not necessarily achieve blue.Bluer is equivalent to less yellow, because blue and yellow are opposingcolors. Vice versa for yellower.

The OD's single-pass WP 2210 a is redder with a larger (or less smaller)u-value compared to u-value of the naked eye's WP 2220 a whenilluminated by CIE F11 than that when illuminated by CIE D65 2210 c,2220 c and/or CIE F2 2210 b, 2220 b. The OD's single-pass cosmetic tintappears to be redder or less green when under CIE F11 than when underD65 and/or F2. Redder means color is more towards red, i.e., in thedirection of red, though may not necessarily achieve red. Redder isequivalent to less green, because red and green are opposing colors.Vice versa for greener.

Under CIE F11, the First Color Constant OD has a RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent of 20.9%, or between 10% and 90%. Both the pastel andsaturated blue colors are nearly imperceptibly shifted towards yellow.In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues remained the same when viewed withand without the OD. Hence, hues are preserved. Under CIE F2, the FirstColor Constant OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 54.1%, orbetween 10% and 90%. The pastel color gamut 2260 b minimally shiftedtowards blue. The saturated color gamut 2230 b did not shift towardsblue. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues almost completely remainedthe same when viewed with and without the OD. Hence, hues are preserved.Under CIE D65, the First Color Constant OD has a RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent of 41.5%, or between 10% and 90%. Both the pastel andsaturated blue colors are minimally shifted towards yellow oryellow-green. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues almost completelyremained the same when viewed with and without the OD. Hence, hues arepreserved. The variation in the RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of theOD is within 60% when the illuminant varies between CIE F2, D65 and F11.

When viewed under CIE D65 lighting and through the First Color ConstantOD, the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 1.3, or between0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented by the select Munsell redand green color sets, and (2) 1.5, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when thosecolors are represented by select Ishihara red, green color sets. Whenviewed under CIE F11 lighting and through the First Color Constant OD,the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 1.0, or between 0.5and 5.0, when those colors are represented by select Munsell colors, and(2) 1.1, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented byselect Ishihara colors. When viewed under CIE F2 lighting and throughthe First Color Constant OD, the red-green LD of red and green colorsets: (1) 0.9, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are representedby the selected Munsell colors, and (2) 0.8, or between 0.5 and 5.0,when those colors are represented by selected Ishihara colors.

Viewing through the OD, the variation in the red-green LDs when theilluminant varies between CIE F2, D65 and F11 is within 5.0 for bothIshihara and Munsell color sets.

The First Color Constant OD allows protans, deutans and normal people tobetter discern previously confusing red, green and derivative colors by(1) increasing the RG_(LI) Color Difference, and/or (2) increasing theLD (lightness difference) between Munsell and/or Ishihara red and greencolor sets. The First Color Constant OD is considered color constant asthe color differences between the described single-pass cosmetic tintsunder a variety of lighting environments are minimal. The First ColorConstant OD is considered Cosmetically Acceptable as the WPSes of thecosmetic tints (including under different lighting environments) areminimal, e.g., less than 0.10 in WPS from naked eye, and/or the cosmetictints are of acceptable hue, such as yellow, blue, green or red.

FIG. 23 illustrates a plot 2300 that illustrates the transmissionspectrum 2310 of an optical device, embodied in the form of a colorconstant OD. This OD is termed Second Color Constant OD. This ODenhances red-green color discernment for those with CVD and those withnormal color vision. This OD also exhibits color constancy ofsingle-pass and/or double-pass cosmetic tint (including neutral tint ornear neutral tint) under multiple lighting sources, includingfluorescent and natural lighting, such as daylight, without the use ofchromic colorants. The transmission spectrum 2310 may be constructedusing five non-chromic dyes with peak absorption at about 425 nm 2320,460 nm 2330, 490 nm 2340, 580 nm 2350 and 610 nm 2360. This spectrum maybe designed and constructed to be invariant, i.e., not chromic. Thenon-chromic dyes were also used to modify the transmission spectra toachieve high performance of the CPMs under different lightingconditions, e.g., daylight, fluorescent light, incandescent light, andLED light. Each of the colorant used in this OD has concentrationsbetween 0.1 and 250 micro-mol per 2 mm of absorption thickness of thosecolorants.

FIG. 23 illustrates a plot 2300 that shows at least 4 pass-bands in thetransmission spectrum 2310 of the OD or at least tetrachromatictransmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm. Stop-bands are centered at425 nm 2320, 460 nm 2330, 490 nm 2340, 535 nm 2370, 580 nm 2350 and 610nm 2360. Pass-bands are centered at 380 nm 2380, 450 nm 2381, 475 nm2382, 510 nm 2383, 600 nm 2384 and 670 nm 2385.

Spectrum 2310 has at least one pass-band, two pass-bands shown in plot2300, pass-band 2380, pass-band 2381, with a peak transmittancewavelength shorter than 460 nm, at least one pass-band, two pass-bandsshown in plot 2300, pass-band 2382, pass-band 2383, with a peaktransmittance wavelength between 461 nm and 540 nm, at least twopass-bands 2384, 2385 with peak transmittance wavelengths longer than541 nm, and a separation of at least 5 nm between all pairs of adjacentpass-bands' centers. For example, the pass-bands centered at 450 nm 2381and 475 nm 2382 is a pair of adjacent pass-bands' centers. Thepass-bands centered at 475 nm 2382 and 510 nm 2383 are also a pair ofadjacent pass-bands' centers. The average transmission between 500 nmand 550 nm is higher than the average transmission between 570 nm and590 nm.

A stop-band's center at shorter than 450 nm 2320 may have at least 30%peak absorbance. The most peak-absorptive stop-band 2350 centeredbetween 550 nm and 610 nm has at least 30% peak absorbance. At least onestop band 2330, 2340 centered between 440 nm and 510 nm have less than85% peak absorbance. The pass-band 2383 with the highest peaktransmission centered between 480 nm and 570 nm has a peak transmissionlarger than 20%. There is at least one stop-band 2360 centered at awavelength longer than 580 nm.

Viewed under CIE F11 illumination the lightness CPM of the Second ColorConstant OD is 40, where that with the naked eye is 57. Equivalently,under CIE F11 illumination, lightness of OD is 70% of that with thenaked eye, or is 70, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopicluminous transmittances of the OD are 45% and 45%, respectively, or areboth between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE F2 illumination the lightnessCPM of the Second Color Constant OD is 53, where that with the naked eyeis 81. Equivalently, under CIE F2 illumination, lightness of OD is 66%of that with the naked eye, or is 66, or is between 50 and 100. Thephotopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 37% and 45%,respectively, or are both between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE D65illumination, the lightness CPM of the Second Color Constant OD is 69,where that with the naked eye is 96. Equivalently, under CIE D65illumination, lightness of OD is 72% of that with the naked eye, or is72, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD are 44% and 49%, respectively, or are bothbetween 5% and 95%. The variation in the lightnesses of the OD is within40 when the illuminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and F11. The variationin the scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD is within 40% when theilluminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and F11.

FIG. 24A illustrates a plot 2400 a that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Second Color Constant OD under F11 illuminant. Select pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used. From neutral 2420 a, the WP2410 a of the OD is shifted minimally by 0.01, or between 0.001 and 0.2,distance units in

u,v

coordinates. Hue of the OD's WP 2410 a shifted towards substantiallyyellow-green, yellow, yellow-red, red or purple hue, from WP of nakedeye.

FIG. 24B illustrates a plot 2400 b that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Second Color Constant OD under F2 illuminant. The same pastel andsaturated Munsell colors are used from FIG. 24A. From neutral 2420 b,the WP 2410 b of the OD is minimally shifted by 0.002, or between 0.001and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates towards blue. Such low WPS of the cosmetic tint 2410 b, fromWP of naked eye 2420 b, which may be considered visually imperceptible.

FIG. 24C illustrates a plot 2400 c that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Second Color Constant OD under D65 illuminant. The same pasteland saturated Munsell colors are used from FIGS. 24A and 24B. Fromneutral 2420 c, the WP 2410 c of the OD is shifted minimally by 0.006,or between 0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. Hue of the OD's WP 2410 c shifted towards substantiallygreen, yellow-green, yellow, yellow-red or red hue, from WP 2420 c ofnaked eye.

The variation in the WPSes of the OD is within 0.07 in uv coordinateswhen the illuminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and/or F11. The OD'ssingle-pass WP 2410 b, i.e. single-pass cosmetic tint, is bluer with asmaller (or less larger) v-value compared to v-value of the naked eye'sWP 2420 b when illuminated by CIE F2 than that when illuminated by CIED65 2410 c, 2420 c and/or CIE F11 2410 a, 2420 a. The OD's cosmetic tintappears to be bluer or less yellow when under CIE F2 than when under D65and/or F11.

For FIGS. 24A, B and C, the thin solid line, thin dashed line and solidcircle mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2440 a, 2440 b, 2440 c,pastel Munsell color gamut 2540 a, 2540 b, 2540 c, and WP 2420 a, 2420b, 2420 c for a naked eye red-green CVD observer. The thick solid line,thick dashed line and solid square mark the saturated Munsell colorgamut 2430 a, 2430 b, 2430 c, pastel Munsell color gamut 2460 a, 2460 b,2460 c, and WP 2410 a, 2410 b, 2410 c for a red-green CVD observerseeing with the OD.

Under CIE F11, the Second Color Constant OD has a RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent of 21.7%, or between 10% and 90%. Both the pastel andsaturated blue colors are minimally shifted towards yellow. In terms ofHue Shift (HS) CPM, all hues remained largely the same when viewed withand without the OD. Hence, hues are preserved. Under CIE F2, the SecondColor Constant OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 56.2%, orbetween 10% and 90%. Both the pastel and saturated color gamuts 2460 b,2430 b did not shift towards blue. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, thehues almost completely remained the same when viewed with and withoutthe OD so hues are preserved. Under CIE D65, the Second Color ConstantOD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 42.5%, or between 10% and90%. Both the pastel and saturated blue colors are minimally shiftedtowards yellow. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues almost completelyremained the same when viewed with and without the OD so hues arepreserved. The variation in the RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of theOD is within 70% when the illuminant varies between CIE F2, D65 and F11.

When viewed under CIE D65 lighting and through the Second Color ConstantOD, the red-green LD of red, green color sets is: (1) 1.5, or between0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented by the select Munsellred, green color sets, and (2) 1.4, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when thosecolors are represented by select Ishihara red, green color sets. Whenviewed under CIE F11 lighting and through the Second Color Constant OD,the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 0.9, or between 0.5and 5.0, when those colors are represented by select Munsell color sets,and (2) 1.1, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are representedby select Ishihara color sets. When viewed under CIE F2 lighting andthrough the Second Color Constant OD, the red-green LD of red and greencolor sets is: (1) 1.0, or between 0.5 and 5.0, when those colors arerepresented by the selected Munsell color sets, and (2) 0.7, or between0.5 and 5.0, when those colors are represented by selected Ishiharacolor sets.

Viewing through the OD, the variation in the red-green LDs when theilluminant varies between CIE F2, D65 and F11 is within 5.0 for bothIshihara and Munsell color sets.

The Second Color Constant OD allows protans, deutans and normal peopleto better discern previously confusing red, green and derivative colorsby (1) increasing the RG_(LI) Color Difference, and/or (2) increasingthe LD between Munsell and/or Ishihara red and green color sets. TheSecond Color Constant OD is considered color constant or nearly colorconstant as the color differences between the described single-passcosmetic tints (WPs) under a variety of lighting environments areminimal, e.g., less than 0.07 in WPS from naked eye, and/or the cosmetictints are of acceptable hue, such as yellow, blue or green.

FIG. 25 illustrates a plot 2500 that shows the transmission spectrum2510 of an optical device, embodied in the form of a color constant OD.This OD is termed Third Color Constant OD. This OD enhances red-greencolor discernment for those with CVD and those with normal color vision.This OD also exhibits color constancy of single-pass and/or double-passcosmetic tint (including neutral tint or near neutral tint) undermultiple lighting sources, including fluorescent, LED, incandescent andnatural lighting, such as daylight, without the use of chromiccolorants. The transmission spectrum (2510) may be constructed usingthin films, such as interference and/or rugate thin films. Thirteenalternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2 may be used as interference thinfilm layer materials, with index of refraction averaging 2.35 and 1.48,respectively. Each TiO2 layer has a physical thickness between 400 nmand 480 nm. Each SiO2 layer has a physical thickness between 240 nm and320 nm. At least one transmission stop-band 2520 is centered atapproximately 575 nm, or between 540 nm and 605 nm. Stop-band 2520 isdesigned and constructed to enhance the RG color separation capabilityof the OD as measured by RG_(LI) Color Difference and/or RG_(Total)Color Difference. This stop-band also contributes to the color balanceor color control of the OD's single-pass and/or double-pass cosmetictints, and of the receiver's color vision.

Spectrum 2510 has at least one stop-band, illustrated in plot 2500 asstop-band 2530, stop-band 2540, stop-band 2550, centered at below 539nm. Spectrum 2510 has at least one stop-band, illustrated as stop-band2560, stop-band 2570, stop-band 2580, is centered at above 606 nm. Thesestop-bands may be included for further color balancing or colorcontrolling the single-pass and/or double-pass cosmetic tints of the ODas well as enhancing the OD's color separation capability. There is oneor more stop-bands with peak wavelength shorter than 470 nm, such as atabout 430 nm 2540 and 395 nm 2550.

For an effective transmission spectrum that is fully or partiallyconstructed by one or more thin films, a spectral stop band needs tohave a FWHM of reflectance of at least 8 nm, peak reflectance of atleast 25%, and whose peak reflectance wavelength is not within 20 nm ofthe peak reflectance wavelength of another more reflecting region ofwavelengths. In a transmission spectral graph, reflectance and/orabsorbance is the negative space in the graph. In addition to theaforementioned stop-bands, another example stop-band is centered at 745nm 2570. The local reflectance region centered at 475 nm generally isnot referred to as a stop-band 2590.

This spectrum is designed and constructed to be invariant, i.e., notchromic. The thin film materials, deposition methods, and layerthicknesses may be used to modify the OD's transmission spectra toachieve high performance of CPMs under different lighting conditions,e.g. daylight, fluorescent light, incandescent and LED light. Thin filmdeposition methods are well-known, and can include physical deposition(PD) and/or chemical deposition (CD). Within CD, there are numeroustechniques such as plating, vapor deposition, solution deposition andcoating. Within PD, numerous techniques include thermal evaporation,molecular beam epitaxy, sputtering, and many others. The depositedcomplete thin film (including the composition layers) can bepost-processed, such as laminated between two or more substrate layersor coated by additional materials to enhance other desirable propertiesof an OD (hardness, hydrophobic, anti-glared, etc.) or encased by one ormore materials.

Viewed under CIE F11 illumination the lightness CPM of the Third ColorConstant OD is 49, where that with the naked eye is 57. Equivalently,under CIE F11 illumination, lightness of OD is 86% of that with thenaked eye, or is 86, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopicluminous transmittances of the OD are 69% and 63%, respectively, or areboth between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE F2 illumination the lightnessCPM of the Third Color Constant OD is 60.7, where that with the nakedeye is 81. Equivalently, under CIE F2 illumination, lightness of OD is75% of that with the naked eye, or is 75, or is between 50 and 100. Thephotopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 49% and 62%,respectively, or are both between 5% and 95%. Viewed under CIE D65illumination, the lightness CPM of the Third Color Constant OD is 78,where that with the naked eye is 96. Equivalently, under CIE D65illumination, lightness of OD is 81% of that with the naked eye, or is81, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD are 59% and 64%, respectively, or are bothbetween 5% and 95%. The variation in the lightnesses of the OD is within40 when the illuminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and F11. The variationin the photopic luminous transmittances of the OD is within 50% when theilluminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and F11. The variation in thescotopic luminous transmittances of the OD is within 50% when theilluminant varies between CIE D65, F2 and F11.

FIG. 26A illustrates a plot 2600 a that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Third Color Constant OD under F11 illuminant. Select pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used. From neutral 2620 a, the WP2610 a of the OD is shifted, minimally, by 0.003, or between 0.001 and0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. From neutral 2620 a, hue of the OD's WP 2610 a shiftstowards substantially green, yellow-green, yellow, yellow-red, red orpurple hue.

FIG. 26B illustrates a plot 2600 b that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Third Color Constant OD under F2 illuminant. The same pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used from FIG. 26A. From neutral 2620b, the WP 2610 b of the OD is shifted by 0.02, or between 0.001 and 0.2,distance units in

u,v

coordinates. From neutral 2620 b, hue of the OD's WP 2610 b shiftedtowards substantially green, cyan, blue or purple hue.

FIG. 26C illustrates a plot 2600 c that shows the colorimetric effectsof the Third Color Constant OD under D65 illuminant. The same pastel andsaturated Munsell color gamuts are used from FIGS. 26A and 26B. Fromneutral 2620 c, the WP 2610 c of the OD is shifted by 0.014, or between0.001 and 0.2, distance units in

u,v

coordinates. From neutral 2620 c, hue of the OD's WP 2610 c shiftedtowards substantially green, cyan, blue or purple hue.

The OD's single-pass WP 2610 a, i.e., single-pass cosmetic tint, isyellower (or less blue) with a larger (or less smaller) v-value comparedto v-value of the naked eye's WP 2620 a when illuminated by CIE F11 thanthat when illuminated by CIE D65 (2610 c, 2620 c) and/or CIE F2 (2610 b,2620 b). The OD's cosmetic tint appears to be yellower or less blue whenunder CIE F11 than when under D65 and/or F2.

Larger value has the equivalent meaning of less smaller value, and viceversa.

WP of the naked eye under any illuminant or combination of illuminantsis considered neutral due to chromatic adaptation in human color vision.WP color shifts (i.e., WP changes), including chroma-, hue- and/orlightness-shifts, are by default shifting from a chromatically-adaptedneutral, unless other baseline is specified.

For FIGS. 26A, B and C, the thin solid line, thin dashed line and solidcircle mark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2640 a, 2640 b, 2640 c,pastel Munsell color gamut 2650 a, 2650 b, 2650 c, and WP 2620 a, 2620b, 2620 c for a naked eye red-green CVD observer or normal observer,respectively. The thick solid line, thick dashed line and solid squaremark the saturated Munsell color gamut 2630 a, 2630 b, 2630 c, pastelMunsell color gamut 2660 a, 2660 b, 2660 c, and WP 2610 a, 2610 b, 2610c for a red-green CVD observer or normal observer seeing with the OD,respectively.

Under CIE F11, the Third Color Constant OD has a RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent of 18.7%, or between 10% and 90%. Both the pastel andsaturated blue colors are near-imperceptibly shifted towards yellow. Interms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, gamut hues remained the same when viewedwith and without the OD so hues are preserved. Under CIE F2, the ThirdColor Constant OD has a RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of 56.7%, orbetween 10% and 90%. Both the pastel and saturated color gamuts shiftedtowards blue. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hues largely remained thesame when viewed with and without the OD, and the yellow-green, yellowand orange hues are maintained. The hues are largely preserved. UnderCIE D65, the Third Color Constant OD has a RG_(LI) Color DifferencePercent of 36.3%, or between 10% and 90%. Both the pastel and saturatedcolor gamuts shifted towards blue. In terms of Hue Shift (HS) CPM, hueslargely remained the same when viewed with and without the OD, and theyellow-green, yellow and orange hues are maintained. The hues arepreserved when viewing with and without OD.

The variation in the RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the OD iswithin 70% when the illuminant varies between CIE F2, D65 and F11. Whenviewed under CIE F11 lighting and through the Third Color Constant OD,the red-green LD of red and green color sets is: (1) 0.7 or between 0.1and 5.0 when those colors are represented by select Munsell colors, and(2) 1.1 or between 0.1 and 5.0 when those colors are represented byselect Ishihara colors. When viewed under CIE D65 lighting and throughthe Third Color Constant OD, the red-green LD of red and green colorsets is: (1) −1.0 or between −0.1 and −5.0 when those colors arerepresented by the selected Munsell colors, and (2) −0.7 or between −0.1and −5.0 when those colors are represented by selected Ishihara colors.Green colors are higher in lightness than red colors for select Munselland Ishihara colors. When viewed under CIE F2 lighting and through theThird Color Constant OD, the red-green LD of red and green color setsis: (1) 0.9 or between 0.1 and 5.0 when those colors are represented byselect Munsell colors, and (2) 1.0 or between 0.1 and 5.0 when thosecolors are represented by select Ishihara colors. Red colors are higherin lightness than green colors for select Munsell and Ishihara colors.

The Third Color Constant OD allows protans, deutans and normal people tobetter discern previously confusing red, green and derivative colors by(1) increasing the RG_(LI) Color Difference, and/or (2) changing the LDsbetween those colors. The Third Color Constant OD is consideredCosmetically Acceptable, as the tints are blues and yellows or similarhues. The Third Color Constant OD is considered color constant whenviewed under daylight and at least some fluorescent light sources, suchas CIE F2 (shown in FIGS. 26B, 26C). The Third Color Constant OD isconsidered cosmetically neutral or has a neutral WP (includingnear-neutral) when viewed under at least some fluorescent light sources,such as CIE F11 (shown in FIG. 26A). Under F2, F11 and D65 lightingconditions, the OD less than 0.1 in WPS from naked eye, and/or thecosmetic tints are of acceptable hue, such as yellow, blue, green or anypossible combination of these hues.

Any optical device with its transmission spectrum designed andconstructed according to the descriptions in this disclosure whichachieves the increased performance on Lightness Difference and/orRG_(LI) Color Difference Percent with CIE Standard Illuminants improvesthe user's performance on the Farnsworth Munsell D-15 Test and/or theIshihara Pseudo-Isochromatic Plate Test.

FIG. 27 illustrates a plot 2700 and FIG. 28 illustrates a plot 2800 thatcollectively show the transmission spectrum 2710, color gamuts and WP(2810) for an OD (and related information) that corrects or partiallycorrects or improves YCV (yellow color vision) to that closer to normalcolor vision. This OD is termed First YCV Correcting OD. In FIG. 28,smaller gamuts are Munsell pastel color gamuts 2820, 2830, 2840 andlarger gamuts are Munsell saturated color gamuts 2850, 2860, 2870.Dashed-lines represent uncorrected YCV gamuts 2840, 2870, dotted-linesrepresent improved YCV gamuts seen with OD 2820, 2860, solid-linesrepresent normal color vision gamuts 2830, 2850, square marks WP 2880 ofuncorrected YCV, diamond marks WP 2891 of OD-improved YCV, circle marksWP 2890 of normal color vision, triangle marks single-pass WP 2810 orcosmetic tint of the OD. The pastel 2840 and saturated 2870 color gamutsillustrate that the BY_(LI) Color Difference of the uncorrected YCV ismuch less than that of the normal color vision 2830, 2850. As this CPMmeasures the ability to distinguish Munsell blue color set from Munsellyellow color set, higher values of this CPM show improvement inblue-yellow (including similar colors) color discernment when viewedthrough an OD having the transmission, absorption and/or reflectancespectrum described herein. A derivative CPM, BY_(LI) Color DifferencePercent, measures this YCV improvement as a percentage.

WP 2810 and WPS of the corrective OD of YCV are important CPMs formeasuring the cosmetic tint of the device. If the WPS (White PointShift) is too large, then the OD will have a noticeable tint, perhaps tothe point of being unacceptable by the viewer. WP 2891 and WPS of theimproved or corrected YCV compared to WP 2880, WPS of the unimproved YCVare also critical CPMs for measuring the improvement in YCV due to ODusage.

FIG. 27 illustrates a plot 2700 with a dashed line that shows an exampletransmission spectrum 2710 of the YCV-corrective OD. The dotted lineshows a typical transmission spectrum 2720 of a yellowed humancrystalline lens (HCL) or a yellow artificial IOL. The solid line showsthe effective transmission spectrum 2730 of an optical system comprisedof yellow HCLs or IOLs and the corrective OD. This optical systemmodifies the transmission of incident light such that the transmittedlight as detected by cone cells in the eye and interpreted by the braindoes not form YCV or has reduced YCV. The transmission spectrum 2710 ofthe OD is designed and constructed using 5 dyes whose peak absorptionsare at 425 nm 2740, 575 nm 2750, 590 nm 2760, 640 nm 2770 and 665 nm2780. Each of the colorant used in this OD has concentrations between0.1 and 350 micro-mol per 2 mm of absorption thickness of the ODcontaining those colorants.

The YCV-compensating OD's transmission spectrum 2710 has at least onestop-band 2750 whose peak absorption or reflection wavelength is between540 nm and 610 nm, and at least one pass-band 2790 whose peaktransmission wavelength is between 440 nm and 520 nm. The averagetransmission between 380 nm and 440 nm is less than 30%.

The colorants used in the ODs generally have concentrations between 0.1and 500 micro-mol per 2 mm of absorption thickness of the OD containingthose colorants. In variations, particularly variations with coatingswhere one or more layers of colorants are deposited on the surface,including diffused into the surface, of the OD, concentrations of thesecolorants may range between 10 micro-mol and 50,000 micro-mol. The dyesmay be compounded into a Polycarbonate-type resin and then extruded andmolded into ODs with a thickness of 2.0 mm and diameter of 100 mm. Thedyes may be coated onto a Polycarbonate-type resin via dip, spray orspin coating techniques. The thickness of the coating containing thedyes is less than 150 micron. This thickness can be an average thicknessacross the surface of the OD.

In CIE D65 lighting, the BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the FirstYCV Correcting OD is 33.2%, or is between 10% and 90%. Lightness of theOD is 78 or 78% of naked eye lightness (OD can be used for ophthalmicapplications), or is 78, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic andscotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 53% and 69%,respectively, or are both between 10% and 90%. WP (2810) hue of the ODis blue, cyan, green or purple. WPS is 0.005, which is anearly-imperceptible pastel-colored OD in single pass tint. WPS isbetween 0.001 and 0.05.

In D65 lighting, the WP hues of the uncorrected YCV (2880) and improvedYCV (2891) when using the First YCV Correcting OD are both yellow. WPSof the uncorrected YCV is 0.055, and that of the improved YCV is 0.041.The WPS of YCV has a decrease of 0.014, or a decrease between 0.001 and0.2.

In CIE F2 lighting, the BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the FirstYCV Correcting OD is 49.2%, or is between 10% and 90%. Lightness of theOD is 72% of the lightness of color vision with only the naked eye, oris 72, or is between 50 and 100. The photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of the OD are 45% and 60%, respectively, or are bothbetween 10% and 90%. WP hue of the OD is red, yellow-red, yellow, purpleor blue. WPS is 0.004, which is a nearly-imperceptible pastel-colored ODin single pass tint. Such WPS is between 0.001 and 0.05.

In F2 lighting, the WP hue of both the uncorrected YCV and improved YCVwhen using the First YCV Correcting OD is yellow. WPS of the uncorrectedYCV is 0.038, and that of the improved YCV is 0.031. The WPS of YCVseeing through OD has a decrease of 0.007 from uncorrected YCV, or adecrease between 0.001 and 0.2.

FIG. 29 illustrates a plot 2900 and FIG. 30 illustrates a plot 3000 thatshow the transmission spectrum 2910 and WP 3030 for an OD (and relatedinformation) that corrects or improves YCV to that closer to normalcolor vision. This OD is termed Second YCV Correcting OD. In FIG. 30,the smaller gamut is Munsell pastel color gamut 3050 and the largergamut is Munsell saturated color gamut 3040. Solid-lines representnormal color vision 3040, 3050. The square marks the WP 3060 ofuncorrected YCV, the diamond marks the WP 3010 of improved YCV seeingthrough OD, the circle marks WP 3020 of normal color vision, and thetriangle marks the single-pass WP 3030 of the OD.

FIG. 29 illustrates a plot 2900 that shows a dashed line of an exampleof a transmission spectrum 2910 of the YCV-corrective OD. The dottedline shows a typical transmission spectrum 2920 of a yellowed HCL or ayellow artificial IOL. The solid line shows the effective transmissionspectrum 2930 of an optical system comprised of a yellow HCL or IOL andthe corrective OD. This optical system modifies the transmission ofincident light. The transmission spectrum 2910 of the OD is designed andconstructed using 6 dyes whose peak absorptions are centered atapproximately 430 nm 2940, 560 nm 2950, 575 nm 2960, 590 nm 2970, 610 nm2980 and 665 nm 2990.

The YCV-compensating OD's transmission spectrum 2910 is designed to haveat least one stop-band, two stop-bands are shown, stop-band 2950,stop-band 2970, with peak absorption or reflection wavelength between540 nm and 620 nm, and at least one pass-band 2991 with peaktransmission wavelength between 440 nm and 520 nm. The averagetransmission between 380 nm and 440 nm is less than 30%. FWHM of thedescribed stop-band is between 10 nm and 150 nm. FWHM of the describedpass-band is approximately 120 nm.

In CIE D65 lighting, the BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent of the SecondYCV Correcting OD is 90.8%, or is between 10% and 110%. Lightness of theOD is 54 or 54% of naked eye lightness, or is between 30 and 90. Thephotopic and scotopic luminous transmittances of the OD are 23% and 38%respectively, or are both between 10% and 90%. WP (single-pass, 3030)hue of the OD is blue, cyan, green or purple. WPS is 0.006, which is anearly-imperceptible pastel-colored OD in single pass tint. WPS isbetween 0.001 and 0.02.

In D65 lighting, the WP hues of the uncorrected YCV (3060) and improvedYCV (3010) when using the Second YCV Correcting OD are both yellow,orange (i.e. yellow-red), yellow-green or green. The WPS of theuncorrected YCV is 0.055, and that of the improved YCV is 0.034. The WPSof YCV seeing through OD has a decrease of 0.021 from uncorrected YCV,or a decrease between 0.001 and 0.2.

The construction of ODs to improve or correct YCV follows the samepermutations of techniques as those for the red-green CVD, which are allunder the category of (1) infusing colorants, such as dyes and pigments,into the substrate of the OD or coating onto the one or more surfaces ofthe OD, including surfaces of one or more layers of the OD, (2)depositing thin films, such as interference and rugate films, onto oneor more surfaces of the OD, including surfaces of one or more layers ofthe OD, and (3) any combination of the aforementioned techniques ofapplying one or more dyes and one or more thin films. The objective ofthe use of colorants and/or thin films in construction is to produce atransmission spectrum from the OD or an effective spectrum from acollected system of ODs, that produces the desired transmission spectra,values of the CPMs, comprised of BY_(LI) Color Difference, BY_(LI) ColorDifference Percent, Lightness, Cosmetic Tint (WP, WPS, WP hue) of the ODand/or of the viewer with YCV seeing through OD, under different viewingconditions, including different illuminations.

Any optical device with its transmission spectrum designed andconstructed according to the descriptions in this disclosure whichincreases BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent and/or decreases WPS of YCVimproves the user's YCV. One test for YCV is the Munsell 100 Hue Test.

For any OD, additional surface coatings and processing steps duringmanufacturing and post manufacturing can impart additional color to theOD or alter the effective transmission spectrum of the OD via additionalinhibitions of the visible spectrum and/or lessen the antecedentspectral inhibitions of colorants and/or thin films. For example, insunglasses the spectral alteration can include the transmission spectrumof a reflective coating, i.e. “mirror” or “flash” coating, often usedfor cosmetic reflection from the OD or tint on the OD. For example, inophthalmic lenses, such spectral alternations can be due toanti-reflective (AR) coatings or the native color of the OD's resin.Once an OD's effective target transmission spectrum is determined, theaforementioned spectral alterations are then discounted from the OD'seffective target spectrum by dividing such target spectrum by thespectral alterations at each 1 nm wavelength from 380 nm to 780 nm. Theresultant transmission spectrum is then constructed by one or morecolorants and/or one or more thin films, onto or into one or moresubstrates for the OD.

FIG. 31 includes a plot 3100 that illustrates the Hunt Effect whereincreasing the lightness or brightness of colors increases the colors'chroma or colorfulness 3110, 3120, 3130, and vice versa. The Hunt Effectis a color appearance phenomenon where colorfulness or chromaticcontrast of a color increases as its luminance or lightness increases orcolor contrast decreases as its luminance or lightness decreases. Inmany optical applications, such as electronic displays, the lightness orbrightness of the display is high or increased from a lower level, whichincreases the chroma (saturation) of colors. Such chroma increases aidin the discernment of colors. However, increasing the lightness orbrightness of the color stimulus source can create discomfort to theeye, eye fatigue and potentially other medical and/or vision issues.

To overcome issues of lightness or brightness, optical devices increaseRG_(LI) Color Difference Percent, RG_(LI) Color Difference, BY_(LI)Color Difference Percent, and/or BY_(LI) Color Difference of red, green,blue, yellow and derivative color sets without the need to increase thelightness or brightness of the color stimulus source. Moreover, whenusing such optical devices, the lightness or brightness of the colorstimulus source can remain the same or be decreased to a level such thatany accompanying decrease in color chroma due to Hunt's Effect isneutralized or reduced by said optical devices. Specifically, an opticaldevice with the capability to increase RG_(LI) Color Difference Percentand/or BY_(LI) Color Difference Percent by 1% can neutralize a decreasein the chroma of those colors from a 1% decrease in the lightness ofthose color stimuli.

To the viewer, a decrease in the lightness of the color stimulus isequivalent to the same amount of decrease in the lightness of theoptical device, which is measured from a baseline with an illuminantviewed with the naked eye. Unassisted or naked eye vision iscolorimetrically and photometrically equivalent to viewing through anoptical device with 100% transmittance between 380 nm and 780 nm.

For example, the Second Rose-Tinted OD has a RG_(LI) Color DifferencePercent of 77.4%. This OD has capability to neutralize the decrease inthe chroma of red and green colors (and derivative colors) from an up to77.4% decrease in the lightness of those colors. Such a decrease in thelightness of those colors can be due to (1) up to a 77.4% decrease inthe lightness of the color stimuli source, (2) up to a 77.4% decrease inthe lightness of the Second Rose-Tinted OD, or (3) a combination ofthese two cases. Under CIE D65 illumination, whose source lightness is96, an up to 77.4% decrease in the lightness of the optical device makesthe optical device's lightness be 22 or more under D65, in order toneutralize the Hunt's Effect. Similarly, under CIE F2 illumination,whose self-source lightness is 81, an up to 77.4% decrease in thelightness of the optical device makes the optical device's lightness be18 or more under F2, in order to neutralize the Hunt's Effect.Similarly, under CIE F11 illumination, whose self-source lightness is57, an up to 77.4% decrease in the lightness of the optical device makesthe optical device's lightness be 13 or more under F11, in order toneutralize the Hunt's Effect.

In another example, the brightness or lightness of the color stimuli areincreased, which initiates the Hunt Effect. However, the increase is notas large due to the use of optical devices in this disclosure, where theoptical devices increase color chroma and discernment without increasingthe stimuli's lightness or brightness.

An optical device may include lenses, sunglass and ophthalmic, glass,contact lens, optical filters, electronic displays, windshields,intraocular lens (IOLs), human crystalline lens (HCL), windows, andplastics. The optical device may have any optical power, curvatureand/or other suitable characteristics, comprised of geometric shapes,refractive indices and thicknesses.

The cosmetic color tint of the color enhancing or color correctingoptical device perceived by the wearer or receiver can be different thanthat perceived by an external viewer. FIG. 32A illustrates a depiction3200 a and FIG. 32B illustrates a depiction 3200 b showing the cosmetictint of the OD as perceived by the OD wearer or receiver is due toincoming or external light source 3260 a, 3260 b being filtered once3210 a, 3210 b by the OD. The OD 3220 a, 3220 b is acting as asingle-pass filter 3210 a, 3210 b to the wearer 3230 a, 3230 b of theOD. The incoming light may also be minimally or partially reflected bythe OD before reaching the wearer or receiver.

The cosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by an external viewer 3240 a,3240 b is due to a reflective light path which is filtered twice 3250 a,3250 b by the OD 3220 a, 3220 b. More generally, reflective light pathdescribes the process of external light being filtered once 3270 a, 3270b by the OD as it travels through the OD, contacts a backstop surface3290 a, 3290 b, e.g., wearer's skin in the case of an externally-worn OD3220 a, iris or sclera of the wearer's eyes in the case of a contactlens 3220 b, is reflected or partially reflected back through the OD andbeing filtered a second time 3280 a, 3280 b by the OD, until the lightrays reach the external viewer 3240 a, 3240 b. The OD is acting as adouble-pass filter (3250 a, 3250 b) to an external viewer.

In controlling the tint viewed by the external viewer, additionalcomplexities are involved. These include: (1) light that contacts the ODcan be minimally, partially or completely reflected by the OD, causing a“mirror” or glare effect, as viewed by the external viewer, (2) lightabsorptive properties of the backstop surface can contribute to theperceived cosmetic tint of the OD by the external viewer, (3) otherexternal light may pass through the OD and reach the external viewer,such as light from behind the OD wearer, and (4) the backstop surfacecan selectively absorb certain wavelengths of the visible light spectrumand partially reflects other wavelengths. Furthermore, this reflectedlight is once more filtered by the OD, which may be a color enhancer,before reaching the external viewer. This double filtering process bythe OD, along with the described complexities, may be included indesigning the overall double-pass cosmetic tint of the OD as perceivedby an external viewer.

Single-pass and double-pass light filtering impart cosmetic tints on oneOD 3220 a, 3220 b as perceived by OD wearer and external viewer. Thesetwo types of tints generally have different colors, and sometimes can bethe same color or substantially the same colors. Single-pass and/ordouble-pass cosmetic tints of the OD include green, amber, neutral gray,blue or any other color. Green tints include G-15 and amber or browntints include B-15. Cosmetic tints also include handling tints forcertain lenses, such as contact lenses.

The 1976 CIE LAB color appearance model (CAM) is used to evaluate thewhite points (WPs) or cosmetic tints of the OD as perceived by the ODwearer (including receiver or internal viewer) or external viewer. Thecosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by the wearer is evaluated usingthe transmission spectrum (T) of the OD as a single-pass filter(filtering once) of light from illuminant, before reaching the wearer.The cosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by the external viewer isevaluated using the square of the transmission spectrum of the OD as adouble-pass filter (filtering twice) of light from illuminant, beforereaching the external viewer. Such squaring of the transmission spectrumof the OD is T² per wavelength for double-pass effects. Equation 20 maybe used to evaluate these two cosmetic tints in tristimulus values,which are used in CIE Luv, CIE Lab and/or many other color systems.

$\quad\begin{matrix}\left\{ \begin{matrix}{{{Tristimulus}\mspace{14mu} {Values}_{{OD},{{Single}\text{-}{Pass}\mspace{14mu} {Tint}}}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{Y_{{SP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{X_{{SP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{x}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Z_{{SP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{z}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix} \right.} \\{{{Tristimulus}\mspace{14mu} {Values}_{{OD},{{Double}\text{-}{Pass}\mspace{14mu} {Tint}}}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{Y_{{DP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T^{2}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{y}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{X_{{DP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T^{2}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{x}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}} \\{Z_{{DP}\mspace{11mu} {Tint}} = {\sum\limits_{\lambda = {380\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}^{\lambda = {780\mspace{11mu} {nm}}}\left\lbrack {{{Illuminant}(\lambda)}{T^{2}(\lambda)}{\overset{\_}{z}(\lambda)}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix} \right.}\end{matrix} \right. & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 20}\end{matrix}$

An illuminant or light source is simulated with CIE daylight D65,broadband fluorescent light F2 or tri-band fluorescent F11. Theilluminant may be a single source or a blended source from multiplediffering sources, such as in daylight and fluorescent light illuminatedoffice space.

The OD's single-pass and/or double-pass cosmetic tints may beconstrained to be within a certain range for WPs for a set of variedilluminants, such as set {D65, F2, F11}, simulating different lightingenvironments. Such a constraint may be for a single illuminant, multipleilluminants individually, multiple illuminants in a blended manner,and/or multiple illuminants simultaneously as is in the case of colorconstancy evaluations of an OD's single-pass and/or double-pass cosmetictints in multiple lighting environments. The set of CIE illuminants,{D65, F2, F11}, is an example of the many illuminants used in thisinvention, which included daylights, overcast, fluorescent lights,incandescent lights and LED lights.

FIG. 33 illustrates a plot 3300 that shows the transmission spectrum ofan optical device to illustrate the disclosures on single-pass anddouble-pass cosmetic tints or denoted “cosmetic tints” collectively. Thesolid line shows the single-pass filter transmission spectrum 3310 (T)of the optical device, and the dashed line shows the double-pass filtertransmission spectrum 3320 (T²) of the optical device. This OD may bedesigned and manufactured to enhance red-green color discernment forthose with Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) and those with normal colorvision. This OD was constructed using four narrow spectrum absorptivedyes, with peak absorption at about 460 nm 3330, 3331, 500 nm 3340,3341, 575 nm 3350, 3351 and 595 nm 3360, 3361. For T and/or T², thereare at least two stop-bands 3330, 3331, 3340, 3341 with peaktransmittance wavelengths between 420 nm and 530 nm, and at least onestop-band 3350, 3360, 3361 with a peak transmittance wavelength between550 nm and 610 nm. There is at least a difference of 5 nm between thepeak transmittance wavelengths of any two stop-bands. For example foreach spectrum, plot 3300 illustrates a stop-band substantially centeredat 460 nm 3330, 3331, 500 nm 3340, 3341, 575 nm 3350, 3351 and 595 nm3360, 3361, with at least an approximately 20 nm difference between anytwo peak transmittance wavelengths.

The substrate of this optical device is polycarbonate, and may be formedfrom any plastic, glass or other optically suitable material. The fourdyes are compounded, extruded and molded into a lens blank ofapproximately 75 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. The lens blankmay be edged, cut and/or surface coated to produce a lens for eyewear.The concentrations of these dyes may range between 10 micro-mol and 200micro-mol. The substrate of this optical device may be acrylic orhydrogel or silicone hydrogel for contact lenses or any other opticallysuitable material. In general, dyes are infused into or onto the contactlens via physical mixing and/or chemical bonding, such as usingpolymerizable or co-polymerizable dyes. The concentrations of these dyesmay range between 10 micro-mol and 1000 micro-mol. The OD may also be anoptically and medically suitable material, which forms a temporary orpermanent film over the cornea, such as an eye drop. Dyes are infusedinto or onto the corneal film via physical mixing and/or chemicalbonding. The concentrations of these dyes may range between 10 micro-moland 5000 micro-mol.

The transmission spectrum (T) of the OD may be constructed usinginterference thin film coatings to filter the desired wavelengths viareflecting select incident light wavelengths. The resultant transmissionspectrum may be configured to closely match a target spectrum, such asthat in FIG. 33. Such interference thin film coatings may be constructedusing a combination of high and low refractive index materials, such asTiO₂ and SiO₂.

The transmission spectrum (T) of the OD may also be constructed using acombination of absorptive colorants (including dyes) and thin filmcoatings, as their effects on filtering select transmission wavelengthsare additive. The transmission spectrum of the OD is constructed using:(1) at least one colorant, and/or (2) at least one thin film coating.

FIG. 34 includes FIG. 34A, FIG. 34B, and FIG. 34C. Collectively each ofthe figures illustrates a plot 3400 a, 3400 b, 3400 c showing thecolorimetric effects of the OD with the transmission spectrum of FIG.33, with D65, F2 and F11 as illuminants, in CIE LAB color space. Thethin solid line, thin dashed line and solid circle represent thesaturated Munsell color gamut 3420 a, 3420 b, 3420 c, pastel Munsellcolor gamut 3460 a, 3460 b, 3460 c, and WP 3440 a, 3440 b, 3440 c for anaked-eye red-green color vision deficient (CVD) observer or normalvision observer. The thick solid line and thick dashed line representthe saturated Munsell color gamut 3410 a, 3410 b, 3410 c and pastelMunsell color gamut 3470 a, 3470 b, 3470 c for a red-green CVD observeror normal vision observer seeing with the OD, respectively. The solidsquares represent the WPs 3450 a, 3450 b, 3450 c or cosmetic tints ofthe OD as a single-pass filter (T), i.e., perceived by the OD wearer orreceiver. The solid stars represent the WPs 3430 a, 3430 b, 3430 c orcosmetic tints of the OD as a double-pass filter (T²), i.e., perceivedby the external viewer. The OD's cosmetic tints as perceived by thewearer have a CIE LAB value, in <L,a,b> format, of <78±20,−10±20,6±20>under D65 3450 c, <73±20,−10±20,−6±20> under F2 3450 b, and<79±20,−1±20,2±20> under F11 3450 a. The photopic luminous transmittancevalues are 53%, 46% and 55%, under D65, F2 and F11 illuminants,respectively. The scotopic luminous transmittance values are 57%, 56%and 57%, under D65, F2 and F11 illuminants, respectively. Photopic andscotopic luminous transmittance values are between 5% and 95% under D65,F2 and F11. The lightness-independent WPSes of the cosmetic tints arecalculated to be 12±20 with yellow-green hue 3450 c, 12±20 with cyan hue3450 b and 3±20 with yellow, near-neutral hue 3450 a, under D65, F2 andF11 illuminants.

The OD's double-pass cosmetic tints as perceived by the external viewerhas a CIE LAB value, in <L,a,b> format, of <65±20,−6±20,10±20> under D653430 c, <58±20,−7±20,−6±20> under F2 3430 b, and <65±20,5±20,4±20> underF11 3430 a. The lightness-independent WPSes of the cosmetic tints are13±20 with yellow-green hue 3430 c, 12±20 with cyan hue 3430 b and 6±20with brown, near neutral hue 3430 a, under D65, F2 and F11 illuminants.This OD's cosmetic tints as perceived by the wearer and by the externalviewer are of the same or similar hues under illuminants of D65, F2 orF11.

The notation of “±” is used to denote a range and simple average.Specifically, A±B denotes a range from A−B to A+B, with the simpleaverage being A. For example, <78±20,−10±20,6±20> denotes a Lab rangefrom <58,−30,−14> to <98,10,26>, with simple average being <78,−10,6>.It is understood that whenever the range notation of “±” produces aninfeasible range with one or more infeasible end-values, then anyinfeasible end-value is automatically replaced by the closest feasibleend-value to result in the largest feasible range. For example, ifL=78±30, then lightness is between 48 and 108. As maximum feasiblelightness is 100, then L=78±30 denotes a lightness range of 48 to 100.Minimum WPS value is 0.

The lightness-independent color difference is calculated by:

$\begin{matrix}{{{Lightness}\text{-}{Independent}\mspace{14mu} {Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{\sqrt{\left( {a_{i} - a_{j}} \right)^{2} + \left( {b_{i} - b_{j}} \right)^{2}},{{if}\mspace{14mu} {Lab}}} \\{\sqrt{\left( {u_{i} - u_{j}} \right)^{2} + \left( {v_{i} - v_{j}} \right)^{2}},{{if}\mspace{14mu} {Luv}}}\end{matrix}.} \right.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 21}\end{matrix}$

where i represent one corresponding color and j represents anothercorresponding color. i can also represent the average of a correspondingcolor set and j can also represent the average of another correspondingcolor set.

j represents the naked eye's WP when lightness-independent colordifference is applied to WPS, called lightness-independent WPS, wherea_(j)=b_(j)=0, and

u_(j),v_(j)

corresponds to uv-coordinate values of naked eye's WP under specifiedilluminant. For the latter, see the equivalent Equation 13.

Using Equation 21, for some OD embodiments, lightness-independent colordifferences between WP of the wearer's OD tint perception (single-pass)and that of the external viewer's OD tint perception (double-pass) arewithin 60 in CIE LAB color space, under one or more of CIE D65, F2and/or F11 illuminants. The OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearerand/or the external viewer, are not red, orange, pink, purple, brown orsubstantially those colors under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11illuminants. When unassisted by OD, the backstop surface color is white,grey, neutral, yellow, blue, green, brown, non-red, non-pink, non-purpleor substantially these colors, such as the iris and/or sclera of a humaneye.

The OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearer and/or the externalviewer, have lightness-independent color difference for WPS of less than40 in CIE LAB color space, under any combination of two or threeilluminants in the set of {D65, F2 and F11}. These cosmetic tints arewhite, grey, black, neutral or pastel colors of yellow, yellow-green,green, cyan, blue, purple, red, orange, pink or brown. The OD's cosmetictints, perceived by the wearer and/or the external viewer, have a-valuesbetween −30 and +30, and/or b-values between −30 and +30, in CIE LABcolor space, under any combination of two or three illuminants in theset of {D65, F2 and F11}. The “L” or lightness values of the OD under asingle-pass filter process or as perceived by the wearer in CIE LABcolor space is above 60 under D65 or F11 illuminant, or is above 50under F2 illuminant. The single-pass photopic luminous transmittance ofthe OD is above 40% under D65 or F11 illuminant, or is above 30% underF2 illuminant.

The OD's single-pass cosmetic tints perceived by the wearer are greener,i.e. more towards the green hues, as demonstrated by the lower a-values,i.e. less positive a-values by at least 1 unit in the CIE LAB colorspace, as compared to the hues, i.e. a-values of the double-passcosmetic tints, perceived by the external viewer. The OD's cosmetictints, as perceived by the wearer and/or the external viewer, are bluer,i.e. are lower (i.e. less positive) in b-values by at least 1 unit inCIE LAB color space when under F2 illuminant than under D65 and/or F11illuminants.

The OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearer and/or the externalviewer, are redder or are more positive, i.e. higher, in a-values by atleast 1 unit in CIE LAB color space when under F11 illuminant than underD65 and/or F2 illuminants.

LAB RG_(LI)Color Difference=√{square root over ((a _(red) −a_(green))²+(b _(red) −b _(green))²)}   Equation 22.

Equation 22 provides a Colorimetric Performance Metric (CPM) thatmeasures the lightness-independent red-green color difference in CIE LABcolor space. The red and green colors selected for evaluation are redMunsell color set and green Munsell color set. For one or more sets ofselected red colors, the average of the red color set(s)' may be used toenumerate

a_(red), b_(red)

. For one or more sets of selected green colors, the average of thegreen color set(s)′ may be used to enumerate

a_(green), b_(green)

.

The CPM that compares the RG_(LI)Color Difference Percent between seeingthe contrast of red and green color sets as described, through adesigned and constructed optical device versus seeing such colordifferences with the naked eye is provided in Equation 23.

$\begin{matrix}{{{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {Percent}} = {100{\quad\left( {\frac{{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Optical}\mspace{14mu} {Device}}{\mspace{14mu} {{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {RG}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Naked}\mspace{14mu} {Eye}}} - {\left. \quad 1 \right){\quad{= {\quad {\quad{\quad {\left( {\frac{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {a_{ref}^{*} - a_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {b_{red}^{*} - b_{green}^{*}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}}{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {a_{red}^{\eta} - a_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {b_{red}^{\eta} - b_{green}^{\eta}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}} - 1} \right),}}}}}}}} \right.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 23}\end{matrix}$

where

a*,b*

and

a^(η),a^(η)

denote CIE LAB color space coordinates of colors seen with an opticaldevice and with the naked eye, respectively. Using select red and greenMunsell color sets, the OD prescribed by FIGS. 33 and 34 has a LABRG_(LI) Color Difference Percent increase of 31%, 42% and 18% under D65,F2 and F11 illuminants, respectively. The increases may be between 5%and 110% in LAB color space. The optical device has a LAB RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent increase of larger than 5%, 10% and 5%, under D65, F2and F11 illuminants, respectively. These enhancement percentages aredemonstrated under each illuminant separately or multiple illuminantscollectively.

As illustrated in FIG. 34, the OD enhanced at least one Munsell colorwith a green hue component, i.e. a negative a-value in LAB color space,to be greener with a lower a-value by at least 1 unit, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2 and F11}. As illustrated in FIG. 34,the OD enhanced at least one Munsell color with a red hue component,i.e. a positive a-value in LAB color space, to be redder with a morepositive a-value by at least 1 unit, under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2 and F11}. Munsell colors with a green hue componentinclude yellows, yellow-greens, greens, cyans and/or blues. Munsellcolors with a red hue component include yellows, oranges, reds, pinks,purples and/or blues.

In certain configurations, ODs may provide a cosmetic tint perceived bythe wearer or receiver that is noticeably different than its cosmetictint perceived by the external viewer. Such situations arise when awearer, e.g., golfer, wishes to see through a near-neutrally tintedeyewear, and wish the cosmetic tint of the eyewear appear different toan outsider observer, e.g. red. In other configurations, the OD'scosmetic tint perceived by the wearer is a single-pass filter, with atint hue that is neutral, grey, brown, yellow, yellow-green, green,cyan, blue, red, orange, purple or substantially these hues. This OD'scosmetic tint as perceived by the external viewer is a double-passfilter, whose tint hue is red, orange, brown, pink, purple orsubstantially these hues. In some configurations, the OD's cosmetic tintperceived by the external viewer is redder or more towards red hue or areddish hue, and not necessarily red, than the cosmetic tint perceivedby the wearer or receiver.

In certain configurations, in CIELAB color space, an OD's cosmetic tintperceived by an external viewer (i.e. double-pass WP of OD) have ana-value that is at least 1 unit more towards red (i.e. more positive)than the a-value of the OD's cosmetic tint perceived by the wearer (i.e.single-pass WP of OD), under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65,F2 and F11}. Overall, the white point of the OD's cosmetic tint asviewed by the wearer is at least 1 unit away, in a-coordinate and/orb-coordinate of CIE LAB, from the OD's cosmetic tint as viewed by anexternal viewer, under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2and F11}.

FIG. 35 illustrates a plot 3500 the shows the transmission spectrum ofan optical device that represents an external viewer's perception of anOD's double-pass cosmetic tints being more towards red hue than thewearer's perception of the OD's single-pass cosmetic tint. The solidline shows the single-pass filter transmission spectrum 3510 of the OD,and the dashed line shows the double-pass filter transmission spectrum3520 of the optical device. Such an OD may be manufactured to enhancered-green color discernment for individuals with Color Vision Deficiency(CVD) and/or those with normal color vision. The OD may be constructedusing four narrow spectrum absorptive dyes, with peak absorption atabout 460 nm 3530, 500 nm 3540, 575 nm 3550 and 595 nm 3570. Thesubstrate of this optical device may be formed from polyamide (i.e.,nylon), or may be any plastic, glass or other optically suitablematerial. The four dyes are compounded, extruded and molded into a lensblank of approximately 75 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Theconcentrations of these dyes can range between 10 micro-mol and 200micro-mol.

For T and/or T², there are at least two stop-bands 3530, 3540 in spectra3510 and 3531, 3541 in spectra 3520, with peak transmittance wavelengthsbetween 410 nm and 540 nm, and at least one stop-band 3550, 3560, 3570with a peak transmittance wavelength between 550 nm and 610 nm. There isat least a difference of 10 nm between the peak transmittancewavelengths of any two adjacent stop-bands. For example for thedouble-pass spectrum, plot 3500 shows a stop-band substantially centeredat 460 nm 3531, 500 nm 3541 and 585 nm 3560, with at least anapproximately 35 nm difference between any two adjacent peaktransmittance wavelengths. The average transmission between 620 nm and660 nm is higher than the average transmission between 530 nm and 570nm, for the single-pass and/or double-pass transmission spectrum of anOD.

FIG. 36 includes FIG. 36A illustrating a plot 3600 a and FIG. 36Billustrating a plot 3600 b that collectively illustrates thecolorimetric effects of the OD with the transmission spectrum of FIG. 35with D65 or F2 as illuminants, in CIE LAB color space. The thin solidline, thin dashed line and solid circle depict the saturated Munsellcolor gamut 3660 a, 3660 b, pastel Munsell color gamut 3640 a, 3640 b,and WP 3630 a, 3630 b for a naked-eye red-green color vision deficient(CVD) observer (or normal vision observer). The thick solid line andthick dashed line depict the saturated Munsell color gamut 3670 a, 3670b and pastel Munsell color gamut 3650 a, 3650 b for a red-green CVDobserver (or normal vision observer) seeing with the OD. The solidsquares depict the WP 3620 a, 3620 b or cosmetic tints of the OD as asingle-pass filter, i.e., perceived by the OD wearer or receiver. Thesolid stars depict the WP 3610 a, 3610 b or cosmetic tints of the OD asa double-pass filter, i.e., perceived by the external viewer. The OD'ssingle-pass cosmetic tints as perceived by the wearer have a CIE LABvalue, in <L,a,b> format, of <61±20,0±20,11±20> under D65 (3620 a), and<54±20,−1±20,−6±20> under F2 (3620 b). The photopic luminoustransmittance values are 29% and 22% under D65 and F2 illuminants,respectively, and where both values are between 5% and 95%. Thelightness-independent white point (WP) shifts of the single-passcosmetic tints are 11±20 with yellow hue, and 6±20 with blue hue (neargrey), under D65 and F2 illuminants, respectively.

The OD's double-pass cosmetic tints as perceived by the external viewerhave a CIE LAB value, in <L,a,b> format, of <43±20,19±20,14±20> underD65 (3610 a), and <36±20,14±20,−1±20> under F2 (3610 b). Thelightness-independent WP shifts of the double-pass cosmetic tints are23±20 with red or red-brown hue, and 14±20 with red hue, under D65 andF2 illuminants, respectively. The OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by thewearer and/or the external viewer, have lightness-independent WP shiftsof less than 60 in CIE LAB color space, under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2}. The OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearerand/or the external viewer, have a-values between −40 and +40, and/orb-values between −40 and +40, in CIE LAB color space, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2}. The lightness-independent colordifference between the OD's single-pass WP and double-pass WP is between1 and 150 units in CIE LAB under one or more illuminants in the set of{D65, F2}. The “L” or lightness values of the OD's single-pass cosmetictint in CIE LAB color space may be above 15 in D65 illuminant, or isabove 10 in F2 illuminant. The scotopic luminous transmittance of the ODunder a single-pass filter process or as perceived by the wearer isbetween 5% and 95% under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65,F2}. Using select Munsell red and green color sets, the OD prescribed byFIGS. 35 and 36 have a LAB RG_(LI) Color Difference Percent increase of58% and 84% under D65 and F2 illuminants, respectively, or both valuesare between 5% and 110%.

As illustrated in FIG. 36, the OD enhanced at least one Munsell colorwith a green hue component, i.e., with a negative a-value in LAB colorspace, to be greener with a lower a-value by at least 1 unit, under oneor more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2}. The OD enhanced at leastone Munsell color with a red hue component, i.e., with a positivea-value in LAB color space, to be redder with a more positive a-value byat least 1 unit, under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2}.

In certain configurations, in CIE LAB, the double-pass cosmetic tint ofthe OD perceived by the external viewer (T²) is more green, moreyellow-green, more cyan or more blue (i.e., with a lower or lesspositive a-value by at least 1 unit, and with a different b-value by atleast 1 unit) than the single-pass cosmetic tint of the OD perceived bythe wearer or receiver (T), under one or more illuminants in the set of{D65, F2, F11}.

Referring back to FIG. 32A and FIG. 32B, the wearer's skin or sclera asa backstop surface reflects incident, once-filtered single-pass light,back through the OD, in order to reach the external viewer. In thisdouble-pass filter process, the reflectance spectra of the wearers skin(colloquially: skin color) and sclera selectively reflect, to varyingpercentages, different visible wavelengths of incident light. Human skinis normally various colors of yellow-white, yellow, brown, and darkbrown, and/or human sclera is normally various colors of white andpastel yellow (laced with red blood vessels), which may contain red orreddish hues. Therefore, a color enhancing optical device may furtherenhance the skin's and sclera's red and yellow colors to result in aredder appearance of the skin or sclera as viewed by the externalviewer. A red-green color enhancing or color correcting OD can increasethe a-values of the original skin or sclera colors to more positivea-values by at least 1 unit in CIE LAB color space, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}. To account for this type ofOD-induced reddening and/or yellowing of skin or sclera colorappearance, the double-pass cosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by theexternal viewer may be green, blue, cyan green-yellow. Specifically, thea-value of the double-pass WP and/or single-pass WP of the OD is lessthan or equal to −1, under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65,F2, F11}.

Furthermore, double-pass WP of the OD can be greener (including moregreen, more yellow-green, more cyan), i.e., lower a-value by at least 1unit in CIE LAB color space compared to a-value of the single-passcosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by the wearer, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}.

Alternatively, double-pass WP of the OD can have a higher a-value by atmost 60 units in CIE LAB color space compared to a-value of thesingle-pass cosmetic tint of the OD, under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2, F11}.

In certain configurations, the OD's single-pass and/or double-passcosmetic tint has a hue that is substantially neutral, grey, brown,yellow, yellow-green, green, cyan, blue or light red, i.e., a-value lessthan 60 in CIE LAB. In certain configurations, the OD's single-passand/or double-pass cosmetic tint has a hue that is substantiallyneutral, grey, brown, yellow, yellow-green, green, cyan, blue or purple,i.e. b-value less than 60 in CIE LAB. Double-pass WP of the OD can bebluer, i.e. lower in b-value by at least 1 unit in CIE LAB color spacecompared to b-value of the single-pass WP of the OD, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}.

Alternatively, double-pass WP of the OD can have a higher b-value by atmost 60 units in CIE LAB color space compared to b-value of thesingle-pass cosmetic tint of the OD, under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2, F11}. Double-pass WP and single-pass WP of the ODcan also have exactly or nearly exactly the lightness-independent<a,b>-values in CIE LAB, i.e., their a-values differ by no more than 1unit and their b-values differ by no more than 1 unit.

FIG. 37 illustrates a plot 3700 that illustrates a transmission spectrumof an optical device that provides an external viewers perception of anOD's cosmetic tints that is more towards green, yellow-green, cyan orblue hues than the wearer's perception of the OD's cosmetic tint. Thedouble-pass cosmetic tint (WP) of the OD has a lower a-value by at least1 unit than that of the single-pass cosmetic tint of the OD, under oneor more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}. The solid lineillustrates the single-pass filter transmission spectrum 3710 of the OD,and the dashed line illustrates the double-pass filter transmissionspectrum 3720 of the OD. The OD may be manufactured to enhance red-greencolor discernment for individuals with Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) andwith normal color vision. This OD may be constructed using four narrowspectrum absorptive dyes, with peak absorption at about 460 nm (3730,3731), 575 nm (3740, 3741), 595 nm (3750, 3751) and 635 nm (3760, 3761).The substrate of this OD is CR39. The four dyes are dip coated onto alens blank of approximately 72 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness.The concentrations of these dyes may range between 1 micro-mol and 2500micro-mol.

For T (3710) and/or T² (3720), there is at least one stop-band 3730,3731 with a peak transmittance wavelength between 420 nm and 520 nm, andat least two stop-bands, stop-bands 3740, 3760 in spectrum 3710, andstop-band 3741, 3761 in spectrum 3720, each with a peak transmittancewavelength between 550 nm and 700 nm, where there is at least adifference of 8 nm between the peak transmittance wavelengths of any twoadjacent stop-bands.

The substrate of this OD may be silicone hydrogel for contact lenses orany other optically suitable material. The dyes are infused into or ontothe contact lens via physical mixing and/or chemical bonding. Theconcentrations of these dyes can range between 1 micro-mol and 5000micro-mol.

FIG. 38 illustrates three plots, plot 3800 a in FIG. 38A, plot 3800 b inFIG. 38B, and plot 3800 c in FIG. 38C, that illustrate the colorimetriceffects of the OD with the transmission spectrum of FIG. 37, with D65,F2 and F11 as illuminants, in CIE LAB color space. The thin solid line,thin dashed line and solid circle depict the saturated Munsell colorgamut 3820 a, 3820 b, 3820 c, pastel Munsell color gamut 3860 a, 3860 b,3860 c, and WP 3840 a, 3840 b, 3840 c for a naked-eye red-green colorvision deficient (CVD) observer or normal vision observer, respectively.The thick solid line and thick dashed line depict the saturated Munsellcolor gamut 3810 a, 3810 b, 3810 c and pastel Munsell color gamut 3870a, 3870 b, 3870 c for a red-green CVD observer or normal vision observerviewing with the OD. The solid squares depict the white points 3850 a,3850 b, 3850 c or cosmetic tints of the OD as a single-pass filter,i.e., perceived by the OD wearer or receiver. The solid stars depict thewhite points 3830 a, 3830 b, 3830 c or cosmetic tints of the OD as adouble-pass filter, i.e. perceived by the external viewer. The OD'ssingle-pass cosmetic tints as perceived by the wearer may have a CIE LABvalue, in <L,a,b> format, of <80±20,−13±20,8±20> under D65 3850 c,<75±20,−7±20,−4±20> under F2 3850 b, and <81±19,1±20,8±20> under F113850 a. The photopic luminous transmittance values are 56%, 48% and 59%under D65, F2 and F11 illuminants, respectively, or values are between5% and 95%. The lightness-independent white point shifts (WPSes) of thecosmetic tints are 15±15 with yellow, yellow-green or green hue underD65 illuminant; 8±8 with green, cyan or blue hue under F2 illuminant;and 8±8 with yellow, yellow-green or yellow-red hue under F11illuminant.

The OD's double-pass cosmetic tints as perceived by the external viewerhave a CIE LAB value, in <L,a,b> format, of <68±20,−17±20,10±20> underD65 3830 c, <61±20,−10±20,−5±20> under F2 3830 b, and <69±20,−2±20,7±20>under F11 3830 a. The lightness-independent WPSes of the cosmetic tintsare 19±19 with green, yellow-green or yellow hue under D65 illuminant,11±11 with green, cyan or blue hue under F2 illuminant, and 7±7 withyellow, yellow-green or yellow-red hue under F11 illuminant.

The OD's single-pass and double-pass cosmetic tints each has alightness-independent WPS of less than 60 in CIE LAB color space, underone or more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}. The OD'ssingle-pass and double-pass cosmetic tints have a-values between −60 and+605, and/or b-values between −60 and +60, in CIE LAB color space, underone or more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}. The lightnessvalues of the OD under a single-pass filter process or as perceived bythe wearer in CIE LAB color space is above 55 under D65 and/or F11illuminant, and/or is above 50 under F2 illuminant. The photopicluminous transmittance of the OD under a single-pass filter process oras perceived by the wearer is below 95% under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2, F11}. Using select Munsell red and green colorsets, the OD prescribed by FIGS. 37 and 38 have a LAB RG_(LI) ColorDifference Percent increase of 30%, 42% and 15%, under D65, F2 and F11illuminants, respectively or an increase between 5% and 110% under alllisted illuminants.

As illustrated in FIG. 38, the OD enhanced at least one Munsell colorwith a green hue component, i.e., a color with a negative a-value in LABcolor space, to be greener with a lower a-value, under one or moreilluminants in the set of {D65, F2, F11}. As illustrated in FIG. 38, theOD enhanced at least one Munsell color with a red hue component, i.e., acolor with a positive a-value in LAB color space, to be redder with ahigher a-value, under one or more illuminants in the set of {D65, F2,F11}.

A red-green color enhancing or color correcting OD increases thea-values of the wearers original facial skin or sclera colors by atleast 1 unit, as viewed by an external viewer. The OD increases theappearance of red, pink, orange, brown, purple or substantially thesecolors for the areas of the skin and/or eye covered by the OD, as viewedby an external viewer.

LAB BY_(LI)Color Difference=√{square root over ((a _(blue) −a_(yellow))²+(b _(blue) −b _(yellow))²)}   Equation 24.

Equation 24 represents a Colorimetric Performance Metric (CPM) thatmeasures the lightness-independent blue-yellow color difference in CIELAB color space. The Munsell blue and yellow color sets are selectedinputs. For the selected set of blue colors, the average statistic ofthe blue color set is used to enumerate

a_(blue), b_(blue)

. For the selected set of yellow colors, the average statistic of theyellow color set is used to enumerate

a_(yellow),b_(yellow)

.

Equation 25 provides the CPM that compares the BY_(LI)Color DifferencePercent between seeing the contrast of blue and yellow color sets,through a well designed and constructed optical device versus seeingsuch color differences with the naked eye.

$\begin{matrix}{{{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {Percent}} = {100\left( {{{\frac{{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Optical}\mspace{14mu} {Device}}{\mspace{14mu} {{LAB}\mspace{14mu} {BY}_{LI}{Color}\mspace{14mu} {Difference}\mspace{14mu} {With}\mspace{14mu} {Naked}\mspace{14mu} {Eye}}} - \left. \quad 1 \right)} = {100\left( {\frac{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {a_{blue}^{*} - a_{yellow}^{*}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {b_{blue}^{*} - b_{yellow}^{*}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}}{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\left( {a_{blue}^{\eta} - a_{yellow}^{\eta}} \right)^{2} +} \\\left( {b_{blue}^{\eta} - b_{yellow}^{\eta}} \right)^{2}\end{matrix}}} - 1} \right)}},} \right.}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 25}\end{matrix}$

where

a*,b*

and

a^(η),a^(η)

denote CIE LAB color space coordinates of colors viewed with an opticaldevice and with the naked eye, respectively.

For any color or color set, including Munsell colors, Ishihara colors,natural colors, and artificial colors, the CIE LAB “a_(green)” value ofthe average green color is derived by taking the average of thesecolors' individual a-values. The CIE LAB “b_(green)” value of theaverage green color is derived by taking the average of these colors'individual b-values. The CIE LAB “L_(green)” value of the average greencolor is derived by taking the average of these colors' individual “L”values. The CIE LAB “a_(red)” value of the average red color is derivedby taking the average of these colors' individual a-values. The CIE LAB“b_(red)” value of the average red color is derived by taking theaverage of these colors' individual b-values. The CIE LAB “L_(red)”value of the average red color is derived by taking the average of thesecolors' individual “L” values. The CIE LAB “a_(blue)” value of theaverage blue color is derived by taking the average of these colors'individual a-values. The CIE LAB “b_(blue)” value of the average bluecolor is derived by taking the average of these colors' individualb-values. The CIE LAB “L_(blue)” value of the average blue color isderived by taking the average of these colors' individual “L” values.The CIE LAB “a_(yellow)” value of the average yellow color is derived bytaking the average of these colors' individual a-values. The CIE LAB“b_(yellow)” value of the average yellow color is derived by taking theaverage of these colors' individual b-values. The CIE LAB “L_(yellow)”value of the average yellow color is derived by taking the average ofthese colors' individual “L” values.

The average red, green, blue and yellow colors'<L,a,b> values are inputsinto all CPMs, including all color difference, lightness difference, andcorresponding percent calculations, unless specified otherwise. Theseinputs are used in human color vision with and without a color enhancingoptical device, and used in evaluating the single-pass and/ordouble-pass tints of the OD.

In some configurations, Lab color space is replaced by Luv, where L islightness and uv is the well-known chromaticity coordinate system,described by Equations 11 and 12. Therefore, L for each target, includea viewing color or tint of OD, is the same value between Lab and Luvcolor systems;

L_(green), a_(green), b_(green)

coordinates are replaced by

L_(green), u_(green), v_(green)

coordinates;

L_(red), a_(red), b_(red)

coordinates are replaced by

L_(red), u_(red), v_(red)

coordinates;

L_(blue), a_(blue), b_(blue)

coordinates are replaced by

L_(blue), u_(blue), v_(blue)

coordinates;

L_(yellow), a_(yellow), b_(yellow)

coordinates are replaced by

L_(yellow), u_(yellow), v_(yellow)

coordinates.

In CPM computations, including using Munsell or Ishihara colors andusing averaged values, would be performed using Luv values instead ofLab values when Luv color system is used; Luv is the default.

In some configurations, the color matching functions in 1976 CIE LABcolor appearance model is of the CIE 1931 2-Degree Standard Observer. Incertain configurations, the 2005 Sharpe-Stockman luminosity function isused to evaluate the photopic luminous transmittance of an opticaldevice. The 1951 standard CIE scotopic luminosity function is used inthis invention.

In certain configurations, spectral, optical and colorimetric values forthe cosmetic tint and color enhancing or altering performance of the ODas perceived by the wearer are evaluated using the transmission spectrum(T) of the OD as a single-pass filter (filtering once) of light fromilluminant, before reaching the wearer.

In certain configurations, spectral, optical and colorimetric values forthe cosmetic tint of the OD as perceived by the external viewer areevaluated using the transmission spectrum of the OD as a double-passfilter (filtering twice) of light from illuminant, before reaching theexternal viewer. Here, the effective transmission spectrum of the OD isT² per wavelength. Spectral, optical and colorimetric values includespectra of OD, luminous transmittance, color difference, color spacerepresentations (e.g. coordinates), color gamut, white point, and otherrelevant parameters discussed herein and/or that are generally acceptedin the optical and color industries.

FIG. 39 illustrates a plot 3900 showing colorimetric effects of the ODwith a transmission spectrum of FIG. 40 (HG5, 4010), with D65 asilluminant, in CIE LAB color space. The thin solid line, thin dashedline and solid circle depict the saturated Munsell color gamut 3920,pastel Munsell color gamut 3960, and WP 3940 for a naked-eye blue-yellowcolor vision deficient (CVD) observer or normal vision observer,respectively. The thick solid line and thick dashed line depict thesaturated Munsell color gamut 3910 and pastel Munsell color gamut 3970for a blue-yellow CVD observer or normal vision observer seeing with theOD, respectively. The solid square depict the white point 3950 orcosmetic tint of the OD as a single-pass filter, i.e., perceived by theOD wearer or receiver. The solid star depict the white point 3930 orcosmetic tint of the OD as a double-pass filter, i.e., perceived by theexternal viewer.

This OD's single-pass filter transmission spectrum 4010 may beconstructed using nine absorptive dyes, with peak absorptions at about430 nm (4011), 470 nm (4012), 500 nm (4013), 520 nm (4014), 575 nm(4015), 595 nm (4016), 610 nm (4017), 640 nm (4018) and 670 nm (4019).The substrate of this OD may be polycarbonate, or may be any plastic,glass or other optically suitable material. The dyes are compounded,extruded and molded into a lens blank of approximately 68 mm in diameterand 2.5 mm in thickness. The concentrations of these dyes can rangebetween 5 micro-mol and 200 micro-mol. The OD's single-pass cosmetictint 3950 as perceived by the wearer is substantially pastel blue. TheOD's double-pass cosmetic tint 3930 as perceived by the external vieweris green, green-cyan, cyan or substantially these colors. Using selectMunsell color sets of blues and yellows, the optical device prescribedby FIG. 39 and FIG. 40 (HG 5) has a LAB BY_(LI) Color Difference Percentincrease of 20%, or between 5% and 95%, under D65 illuminant.

Table 2 illustrates the colorimetric and optical performance indicatorsfor 25 optical devices whose transmission spectra are shown in FIGS.40-43 in spectra 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300. An optical device can have anysingle-pass cosmetic tint (WP) comprised of red, green, blue, yellow,neutral, purple, orange, cyan, yellow-green or substantially similarhues. The OD can separately have any double-pass cosmetic tint (WP) ofred, green, blue, yellow, neutral, purple, orange, cyan, yellow-green orsubstantially similar hues. Green hues are comprised of green-yellow,green and cyan hues. Red hues are comprised of yellow-red (i.e.,orange), brown, pink, red and purple hues. Blue hues are comprised ofcyan, blue and purple hues. Yellow hues are comprised of yellow-green,yellow, orange and brown hues. All hues include hues that aresubstantially similar. Table 2 illustrates that an OD may have any valueof photopic luminous transmittance from 0% to 100%, a single-pass filter(wearer's perception) lightness from 0 to 100, and/or a double-passfilter (external viewer's perception) lightness from 0 to 100. Table 2illustrates that an OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearer and/orthe external viewer, have lightness-independent WPSes of less than 20units in CIE LAB color space when either cosmetic tint hue is consideredneutral or substantially neutral. Table 2 illustrates that an OD'scosmetic tints, perceived by the wearer and/or the external viewer, havelightness-independent WP shifts of more than 3 units in CIE LAB colorspace when either cosmetic tint hue is considered a colored hue of red,green, blue, yellow or substantially these colors. Table 2 illustratesan OD's cosmetic tints, perceived by the wearer and/or the externalviewer, have a-values between −100 and +100, and/or b-values between−100 and +100, in CIE LAB color space. Table 2 illustrates an OD'slightness-independent red-green color difference increase % ranges from−60% to 100%, in LAB. Table 2 illustrates an OD's lightness-independentblue-yellow color difference increase % ranges from −50% to 50%, in LAB.

In CIE D65 illuminant, an OD described herein may have (1) the a-valueof its single-pass WP and that of its double-pass WP are at least 5distance units apart, and/or (2) the b-value of its single-pass WP andthat of its double-pass WP are at least 5 distance units apart, providedat least one dye is used to modify the visible transmission spectrum4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, and one or more of the following conditionsapplies to its transmission spectrum between 380 nm and 780 nm: at leastone stop band exists illustrated as stop-bands 4020, 4030, 4110, 4120,4210, 4220, 4310, 4320; ratio of max transmittance to min transmittanceis at least 1.25 to 1; photopic luminous transmittance is below 95%;lightness-independent RG color difference increase is between −80% and120%; lightness-independent BY color difference increase is between −50%and 110%; and a- and b-values of the OD's single-pass WP are bothbetween −15 and 15.

An OD with any of the illustrated transmissions spectra 4000, 4100,4200, 4300 may be constructed using dyes or colorants to absorb thespecified wavelengths. The dyes may be infused into or coated onto anoptically-suitable substrate. This physical OD may then be placedexternally in front of the eye, such as in the form of an externaleyewear, and/or placed externally on top of the cornea, such as in theform of a contact lens or eye drop liquid, and/or placed internally inthe eye, such as in the form of an intraocular lens.

An OD may be designed to have one or more functions embodied in oneintegrated physical device. In an embodiment where the OD is designed tohave one function, the OD has a singular functional transmissionspectrum. In an embodiment where the OD is designed with multiplefunctions, the OD has an overall transmission spectrum that iseffectively a product of a multitude of functional transmission spectra.For example, for a color enhancing OD that also blocks UV light andhigh-energy blue light (HEBL from 380 nm to 460 nm), the overalltransmission spectrum of this integrated, and multi-function, OD is aproduct of the color enhancing spectrum, the UV blocking spectrum andthe HEBL blocking spectrum. That is,T_(integrated)=T_(color enhancing)*T_(UV blocking)*T_(HEBL blocking).

In another example, a color balancing OD that removes, reduces or altersthe cosmetic tint (color) of another OD that blocks HEBL, may have acolor balancing transmission spectrum physically, chemically orelectronically integrated into the HEBL-blocking OD. This design enablesthe new color-balanced HEBL-blocking OD to have a lesser or alteredcosmetic tint as compared to the original HEBL-blocking OD. The overalltransmission spectrum of this integrated OD is a product of the colorbalancing spectrum and the HEBL blocking spectrum. That is,T_(integrated)=T_(color balancing)*T_(HEBL blocking). Any singularfunction OD may be coupled with another singular function OD to producean integrated OD with multiple functions.

The WP of a color enhancing OD's single-pass cosmetic tint is at least 1unit away, in a-value and/or b-value in Lab space, from the OD'sdouble-pass cosmetic tint.

The WP of the optical device's single-pass cosmetic tint as viewed bythe wearer can be less than 25 units (measured by lightness-independentcolor difference, Equation 21), away from the OD's double-pass cosmetictint as viewed by an external viewer, under one or more illuminants inthe set of {D65, F2, F11}.

The lightness value of an optical device under a single-pass filterprocess is above 15 under D65 or F11 illuminant, or is above 10 under F2illuminant.

An example application of these inventions is a lens. Lenses madeaccording to this disclosure enhance the human color vision for thosewith normal vision or with color vision deficiencies, includinghereditary and acquired. These lenses can be framed and worn outside ofthe eyes or worn on the surface of the eyes, e.g. contacts, or beinserted into the eyes, e.g., IOLs or mounted on devices for distanceviewing or magnification purposes, e.g., optical scopes, telescopes,microscopes.

Another example application of this disclosure is optical media affixedor attached to building and other structures and frames not for thehuman face or eye. For example, partially or fully transparent windows,tables, doors, floors, walls, mirrors, panels, covers, shields andcontainers. Panels, shields, covers and containers can include opticalmedia intended to transmit, reflect or absorb all or portions of UV, VISand infrared wavelengths, while partially or fully blocking otherobjects or energy waves. Examples of panels, shields, covers andcontainers include the surface cover for solar panels, sneeze or spitguards, aquarium panels and glass cups.

Additional example applications of this disclosure are automotiveoptical media, such as windows, windshields, moon-roofs, sunroofs andmirrors.

More example applications of this disclosure are electronic displayscreens, such as those on or in TVs, monitors, phone displays, andelectronic viewing goggles. These devices emit UV, VIS and/or infrared,whose wavelengths can be modified via the display screen(s) locatedbetween the radiation emitter and the receiver, e.g. human eyes orcameras.

Other example applications include optical media in or on lightingdevices, such as light bulbs, tubes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs),fluorescent lights, incandescent lights, and metal halide lights.Optical media can be covers, panels, shields, containers, casings andany other device or parts of a device or system of devices where UV, VISor infrared radiation is transmitted, absorbed or reflected by orthrough the media, according to this disclosure, before reaching thereceiver, e.g. human eyes or camera. Embodiments of such optical mediainclude bulbs, tubes, twisted or straight, and other encasement orcasings.

One or more light polarizing layers, such as polarizing films or sheets,may be incorporated into or onto the optical device. Methods ofincorporation of the light polarizing layers include coating,lamination, encasement and material infusion. The polarizing layers maybe outer surfaces of the optical device or “sandwiched” between otherlayers within the optical device. The polarizing layers may be theoutermost layers or may have additional layers added on top, such asthin film layers or dye layers. Thin film layers may includeanti-reflective coating, hard coating, hydrophobic coating, and anycombination thereof. Dye layers may include solid tints, gradient tints,colored tints, neutral tints and any combination thereof.

FIG. 44 illustrates a plot 4400 that illustrates the transmissionspectra 4410, 4420, 4430 of the three optical devices, modified withdyes. OD A shown in spectra 4410 provides an approximately 90% (0.9)transmission at 410 nm 4440, blocks at 460 nm with 35% (0.35)transmission 4450, transmits 40% to 100% in the rest of visiblewavelengths 4470, 4480 with a block at approximately 580 nm with 25%(0.25) transmission 4460. OD B shown in spectra 4420 blocks at 460 nm4451 and blocks from 570 nm to 600 nm 4461, while passes below 460 nm4441, passes between 460 nm and 570 nm 4470, and passes above 610 nm4480. OD B blocks on average more than OD A. OD C shown in spectra 4430blocks at 460 nm 4452 and blocks from 570 nm to 600 nm 4462(transmission almost zero), while passing similar wavelengths 4470, 4480compared to OD A and OD B, although OD C's maximum transmission between460 nm and 570 nm 4470 is approximately 35% (0.35).

OD A is constructed by laminating a dye-infused polycarbonate (PC) layerof 0.5 mm thickness with a base substrate of 1.5 mm thickness having adiameter of 72 mm. With dyed PC layer lamination, the OD may be plano inoptical power or have any non-plano optical power without substantiallychanging the transmission spectrum of the OD from view periphery to viewcenter. Four “notch” absorbing dyes compatible with PC are used at 460nm 4450, 495 nm 4490, 585 nm 4460 and 635 nm 4491, to produce thetransmission spectrum 4410. Dye concentrations range from 0.01 mg to 200mg per pound of PC. Dyes include cyanine, rhodamine, coumarin,squarylium or BODIPY structures. Numerous other dyes may be used toprovide the resultant transmission spectrum of the OD similar to that ofOD A.

OD B is constructed by infusing three dyes into the matrix of polyamide(PA, nylon) during compounding and molding process. Three notchabsorbing dyes compatible with PA are used at 460 nm 4451, 575 nm and595 nm 4461 to produce the desired transmission spectrum 4420. Theunevenness of the spectrum at wavelengths longer than 620 nm is largelydue to hard coating and anti-reflection coating. Dye concentrationsrange from 0.01 mg to 200 mg per pound of PA.

OD C is constructed similarly to OD B. OD C utilizes a largelyneutral-density or broad visible-spectrum absorbing dye, such as “CarbonBlack,” added to significantly lower the transmission spectrum of OD Cfrom 380 nm to 780 nm. OD C utilizes dye concentrations that range from0.1 mg to 1000 mg per pound of PA or PC.

Optical devices may be made to pass all, the majority, or some of thestandards, set by the various standard-making groups, such as theInternational Organization for Standards (ISO), American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI), and Standards Australia (AS/NZS). Inparticular, an OD's visible transmission spectrum adheres to some or allof these standards.

Table 3 illustrates pertinent standards relevant of an optical device'stransmission spectrum in the visible wavelengths of 380 nm to 780 nm asset by 2013 ISO 12312-1, 2018 ANSI Z80.3 and 2016 AS/NZS 1067.1. Table 3illustrates the tested values and results of three color enhancingoptical devices, namely OD A, OD B and OD C, whose transmission spectra4410, 4420, 4430 are provided in FIG. 44. OD A passed all listedstandards. OD B and OD C passed almost all listed standards, except forspectral transmittance standards.

Color enhancing optical devices may be made to pass additional standardsnot provided in Table 3, and/or set by other rule-making groups.

Color enhancing optical devices, included the optical devices in Table3, enhance the relative visual attenuation quotient (Q) of trafficsignal lights, such as red, green and blue lights. These optical devicesmaybe utilized by individuals, such as drivers, riders and cyclists, toaccentuate the colors or visibility of traffic lights.

In some embodiments, an OD's relative visual attenuation quotient (Q) islarger than the minimum ISO requirement by at least 0.02 for at leastone incandescent signal light of red, yellow, green or blue designation.In some embodiments, an OD's relative visual attenuation quotient (Q) islarger than the minimum ISO requirement by at least 0.02 for at leastone LED signal light of red, yellow, green or blue designation. In someembodiments, an OD's ISO relative visual attenuation quotient (Q) is atleast 1.0 for at least one incandescent signal light of red, yellow,green or blue designation. In some embodiments, an OD's ISO relativevisual attenuation quotient (Q) is at least 1.0 for at least one LEDsignal light of red, yellow, green or blue designation.

FIG. 45 illustrates a plot 4500 that illustrates the CIE xyY chromacitycoordinates of green traffic lights 4510, yellow traffic lights 4530,and D65 daylight 4520 viewed with OD C and a naked eye, according toANSI.

As shown in plot 4500, a color enhancing optical device, such as OD C,may modify the color appearance of a yellow traffic signal light towardsthe orange or red 4580, compared to viewing with the naked eye 4590,while remaining within the acceptable Yellow Signal Region 4530. Suchoptical device may maintain an acceptable single-pass WP 4560 whenviewing at or through it, as depicted by circle marked point, and remainwithin the marked CIE D65 region 4520. Acceptable colored tint of anoptical device may include substantially neutral or pastel colored tintas shown by the proximity of the white point of the optical device 4560(circle marked point) and white point of color vision viewed with thenaked eye without the optical device 4570 (square marked point).

A color enhancing optical device may modify the color appearance oforiginally yellow or orange colored traffic lines, markings, signs,cones or other devices toward the orange or red, compared to unassistedperception with the naked eye. Such color enhancing optical device canmodify the color appearance of a green traffic signal light to begreener or higher chroma green 4540, compared to viewing with the nakedeye 4550, while remain within the acceptable Green Signal Region (4510).

For people with protanomaly or protanopia, and for some people withnormal color vision, the transmission spectrum 3710 of a colorenhancing, color correcting or color compensating OD has: (1) at leastone stop-band 3740, 3750 with a peak absorbance wavelength between 560nm and 595 nm, inclusively, (2) such stop-band has a peak absorbance ofat least 30%, and (3) such stop-band has a FWHM of at least 10 nm asillustrated in plot 3700 of FIG. 37.

For people with deuteranomaly or deuteranopia, and for some people withnormal color vision, the transmission spectrum 3310 of a colorenhancing, color correcting or color compensating OD has: (1) at leastone stop-band 3350, 3360 with a peak absorbance wavelength between 575nm and 610 nm, inclusively, (2) such stop-band has a peak absorbance ofat least 30%, and (3) such stop-band has a FWHM of at least 10 nm asillustrated in plot 3300 of FIG. 33.

For people with CVD, and for some people with normal color vision, thetransmission spectrum of a color enhancing, color correcting or colorcompensating OD has: (1) at least one stop-band with a peak absorbancewavelength between 560 nm and 610 nm, inclusively, (2) such stop-bandhas a peak absorbance of at least 30%, and (3) such stop-band has a FWHMof at least 10 nm.

For people with CVD, and for some people with normal color vision, thetransmission spectrum of a color enhancing, color correcting or colorcompensating OD has: (1) at least one stop-band with a peak absorbancewavelength between 575 nm and 595 nm, inclusively, (2) such stop-bandhas a peak absorbance of at least 30%, and (3) such stop-band has a FWHMof at least 15 nm.

Peak absorbance of ≥X% equals valley(lowest local)transmission of≤(100−X)%.

One or more view regions (i.e., surfaces) with the photometric and/orcolorimetric attributes described herein may partially or completelycover the entire surface of the OD.

FIG. 46 illustrates a contact lens 4600. In one embodiment, a contactlens 4610 may only dye its central view region covering only orsubstantially the pupil and/or sclera 4630, where the area of this viewregion 4630 is smaller than the area of the entire lens 4610. As anotherembodiment, a contact lens 4620 may dye its entire lens, where the areaof the view region 4640 is the same or substantially the same as thearea of the entire lens 4620.

In the above examples, the output of the OD is the transmissionspectrum. As would be understood by those possessing an ordinary skill,such spectrum may be created by any optical device.

A red, green, blue and/or yellow color-enhancing optical device has atleast four pass-bands in its transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780nm. At least one pass-band has a peak transmittance wavelength shorterthan 440 nm; at least two pass-bands have peak transmittance wavelengthsbetween 440 nm and 610 nm, with one pass-band's peak transmittancewavelength shorter than that of another pass-band by at least 10 nm; andat least one pass-band has a peak transmission wavelength longer than610 nm. Such optical device is comprised of at least one absorptive dyeand/or at least one reflective thin film.

A red, green, blue and/or yellow color-enhancing optical device has atleast three pass-bands in its transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780nm. At least one pass-band centered between 571 nm and 780 nm has a peaktransmission higher by at least 1% than the peak transmission of atleast one pass-band centered between 380 nm and 570 nm. Any pass-band'speak transmittance wavelength is different than that of any otherpass-band by at least 10 nm. Such optical device is comprised of atleast one absorptive dye and/or at least one reflective thin film.

A red, green, blue and/or yellow color-enhancing optical device has atleast four pass-bands in its transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780nm. There is at least one pass-band with a peak transmittance wavelengthshorter than 460 nm; at least one pass-band with a peak transmittancewavelength between 461 and 540; at least two pass-bands with peaktransmittance wavelengths longer than 541 nm. For all pairs ofimmediately adjacent pass-bands, there is a separation of at least 5 nmbetween their peak transmission wavelengths. Such optical device iscomprised of at least one absorptive dye and/or at least one reflectivethin film.

A red, green, blue and/or yellow color-enhancing optical device has atleast four pass-bands in its transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780nm. There is at least one stop-band centered at shorter than 450 nm hasat least a 30% peak inhibition; at least one stop-band centered between550 nm and 610 nm has at least a 30% peak inhibition; at least one stopband centered between 440 nm and 510 nm has less than 80% peakinhibition. There is at least one pass-band centered between 480 nm and570 nm with a peak transmission larger than 20%. There is at least onestop-band centered at a wavelength longer than 580 nm. Such opticaldevice is comprised of at least one absorptive dye and/or at least onereflective thin film.

An optical device has at least two pass-bands in its transmissionspectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm. Such optical device is comprised of atleast one absorptive dye and/or at least one reflective thin film. UnderCIE D65 illuminant and in CIE LAB color space, the optical device has:(1) the a-values of its single-pass white point and that of itsdouble-pass white point be between 5 and 150 distance units(inclusively) apart from each other, and/or (2) the b-values of itssingle-pass white point and that of its double-pass white point bebetween 5 and 150 distance units (inclusively) apart from each other,and (3) one or more of the following conditions applies to the device:

Has a ratio of max transmittance to min transmittance of at least 1.25to 1 in the device's transmission spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm with1-nm resolution;

Has a photopic luminous transmittance of below 95%;

Produces a lightness-independent red-green color difference increasebetween −80% and 120%, excluding from −2% to 2%, for red and greenMunsell colors seen through the device;

Produces a lightness-independent blue-yellow color difference increasebetween −50% and 50%, excluding from −2% to 2%, for blue and yellowMunsell colors seen through the device;

Has an a- and/or b-value of the device's single-pass white point ofbetween −15 and 15;

An optical device has at least three pass-bands in its transmissionspectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm. Such optical device is comprised of atleast one absorptive dye and/or at least one reflective thin film. Thered-green lightness-difference for red and green Munsell and/or Ishiharacolors seen through the device is between −5.0 and 5.0 (inclusive),excluding from −0.1 to 0.1, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11illuminants.

The optical device, where its transmission spectrum has at least onestop-band whose peak inhibition wavelength is between 440 nm and 600 nm,and the stop-band has a full-width-at-half-maximum of at least 5 nm.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the peak inhibitionis less than 85% for any stop-band whose peak inhibition wavelength isbetween 440 nm and 510 nm.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the peak transmissionwavelength of one or more pass-bands centered between 480 nm and 570 nmis at least 40 nm shorter than peak transmission wavelength of one ormore pass-bands centered between 571 nm and 660 nm.

The optical device is photochromic under UV illumination.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, at least onestop-band is centered at a wavelength longer than 590 nm.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the lowesttransmission between 530 nm and 780 nm is higher by at least 1% than thelowest transmission between 380 nm and 529 nm.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the pass-band withlongest peak transmittance wavelength has the wavelength longer by atleast 10 nm than that of the pass-band with the second longest peaktransmittance wavelength.

In the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the averagetransmission between 460 nm and 540 nm is higher by at least 1% than theaverage transmission between 550 nm and 600 nm.

For the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the averagetransmission between 500 nm and 550 nm is higher by at least 1% than theaverage transmission between 570 nm and 590 nm.

For the transmission spectrum of an optical device, the square of suchspectrum at every wavelength from 380 nm to 780 nm has all of the samespectral characteristics compared to such spectrum itself.

For the optical device, its single-pass and double-pass cosmetic tintsboth have a-values between −60 and +60, and/or b-values between −60 and+60, in CIE LAB color space, under one or more illuminants of CIE D65,F2 and/or F11.

For the optical device, the photopic luminous transmittance of thedevice through single-pass is below 95% (inclusive) under one or moreilluminants of CIE D65, F2 and F11.

For the optical device, it produces a LAB RG_(LI) Color DifferencePercent increase of between 5% and 110%, for red and green Munsellcolors seen through the device, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/orF11 illuminants.

For the optical device, it produces a LAB BY_(LI) Color DifferencePercent increase of between 10% and 110%, for blue and yellow Munsellcolors seen through the device, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/orF11 illuminants.

For the optical device, the lightness-independent color differencebetween the white point of the optical device's single-pass cosmetictint and that of its double-pass cosmetic tint are within 60 distanceunits of each other in CIE LAB color space, under one or more of CIED65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants.

For the optical device, the lightness-independent white point shift ofthe optical device's single-pass cosmetic tint and that of itsdouble-pass cosmetic tint are both less than 60 distance units away fromneutral, in CIE LAB color space, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/orF11 illuminants.

For the optical device, its single-pass cosmetic tint has an a-valuethat is at least 1 distance unit different than the a-value of itsdouble-pass cosmetic tint in the CIE LAB color space, under at least oneor more of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants.

For the optical device, its single-pass cosmetic tint has a b-value thatis at least 1 distance unit different than the b-value of itsdouble-pass cosmetic tint in the CIE LAB color space, under at least oneor more of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants.

For the optical device, its single-pass and/or double-pass cosmetic tintin CIE F2 illuminant has a b-value that is at least 1 distance unit lessthan the b-value of its corresponding single-pass and/or double-passcosmetic tint in CIE D65 and/or F11 illuminant in CIE LAB color space.

For the optical device and for a person with yellow-color vision, in CIED65 lighting and CIE LUV space, the difference between the white pointshift from neutral of the color vision of such person seeing with thenaked eye and that of the same person seeing through the device isbetween 0.002 and 0.2 distance units.

For the optical device, viewing through the device, the variation in thered-green lightness difference is within 5.0 between any two illuminantsin the set of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants.

For the optical device, the device's computed relative visualattenuation quotient (Q) is larger than the minimum ISO requirement byat least 0.02 for at least one incandescent signal light of red, yellow,green or blue designation.

For the optical device, all colorimetric performance metrics use the1931 CIE 2-Degree Standard Observer.

For the optical device, one or more view regions may partially orcompletely cover the entire surface of the OD.

For the optical device, the device is comprised of lenses, sunglass andophthalmic, glass, contact lens, optical filters, displays, windshields,intraocular lens, human crystalline lens, windows, and plastics. Theoptical device can have any optical power, curvature or other suitablecharacteristics, comprised of geometric shapes, refractive indices andthicknesses.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eachfeature or element can be used alone or in any combination with orwithout the other features and elements. In addition, the methodsdescribed herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, orfirmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by acomputer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media includeelectronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) andcomputer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storagemedia include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), arandom access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductormemory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removabledisks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks,and digital versatile disks (DVDs).

1. A color vision enhancing optical device, the optical devicecomprising: one or more optical elements to create at least twopass-bands in the transmission spectrum of the optical device from 380nm to 780 nm, the one or more optical elements further create photopicand scotopic luminous transmittances of below 95%, under one or more ofCIE D65, F2 and F11 illuminants, the one or more optical elementsfurther create a red-green lightness-difference for red and greenMunsell colors seen through the optical device between −5.0 and 5.0,excluding from −0.1 to 0.1, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and F11illuminants in CIE LAB color space, the one or more optical elementsfurther create a ratio of maximum transmittance to minimum transmittanceof at least 1.15 to 1 in the transmission spectrum of the optical devicefrom 380 nm to 780 nm with 1-nm resolution.
 2. The optical device ofclaim 1 wherein the one or more optical elements comprise at least oneabsorptive dye.
 3. The optical device of claim 1 wherein the one of moreoptical elements comprise at least one reflective thin film.
 4. Theoptical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create a lightness-independent red-green color differenceincrease between −80% and 120%, excluding from −2% to 2%, for red andgreen Munsell colors seen through the optical device, under one or moreof CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants in CIE LAB color space.
 5. Theoptical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create a lightness-independent blue-yellow color differenceincrease between −50% and 110%, excluding from −2% to 2%, for blue andyellow Munsell colors seen through the optical device, under one or moreof CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminants in CIE LAB color space.
 6. Theoptical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create a separation of at least 5 nm between the peaktransmission wavelengths of the at least two pass-bands.
 7. The opticaldevice of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elements furthercreate at least a third pass-band in transmission spectrum of theoptical device from 380 nm to 780 nm.
 8. The optical device of claim 7,wherein the one or more optical elements further create at least afourth pass-band in transmission spectrum of the optical device from 380nm to 780 nm.
 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the one or moreoptical elements further create at least one pass-band with a peaktransmittance wavelength shorter than 440 nm, at least two pass-bandshave peak transmittance wavelengths between 440 nm and 610 nm, with onepass-band's peak transmittance wavelength shorter than that of anotherpass-band by at least 10 nm, and at least one pass-band has a peaktransmission wavelength longer than 610 nm.
 10. The optical device ofclaim 8, wherein the one or more optical elements further create atleast one pass-band with a peak transmittance wavelength shorter than460 nm, at least one pass-band with a peak transmittance wavelengthbetween 461 and 540, and at least two pass-bands with peak transmittancewavelengths longer than 541 nm.
 11. The optical device of claim 8,wherein the one or more optical elements further create at least onestop-band centered at shorter than 450 nm with at least a 30% peakinhibition, at least one stop-band centered between 550 nm and 610 nmhas at least a 30% peak inhibition, and at least one stop band centeredbetween 440 nm and 510 nm has less than 80% peak inhibition.
 12. Theoptical device of claim 8, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create at least one pass-band centered between 480 nm and 570 nmwith a peak transmission larger than 20%.
 13. The optical device ofclaim 8, wherein the one or more optical elements further create atleast one stop-band centered at a wavelength longer than 580 nm.
 14. Theoptical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create, under one or more CIE D65, F2 and/or F11 illuminant andin CIE LAB color space, a-value of its single-pass white point and thatof its double-pass white point be between 5 and 150 distance unitsapart.
 15. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or moreoptical elements further create, under one or more CIE D65, F2 and/orF11 illuminant and in CIE LAB color space, b-values of its single-passwhite point and that of its double-pass white point be between 5 and 150distance units apart.
 16. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the oneor more optical elements further create single-pass and double-passcosmetic tints having a-values between −60 and +60, in CIE LAB colorspace, under one or more illuminants of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11.
 17. Theoptical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create single-pass and double-pass cosmetic tints havingb-values between −60 and +60, in CIE LAB color space, under one or moreilluminants of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11.
 18. The optical device of claim1, wherein the one or more optical elements further create an averagetransmission between 500 nm and 550 nm that is higher by at least 1%than the average transmission between 570 nm and 590 nm.
 19. The opticaldevice of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elements furthercause the optical device to be photochromic under UV illumination. 20.The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elementsfurther create an average transmission between 460 nm and 540 nm that ishigher by at least 1% than the average transmission between 550 nm and600 nm.
 21. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or moreoptical elements further cause a single-pass and double-pass cosmetictint in CIE F2 illuminant to have a b-value that is at least 1 distanceunit less than the b-value of its corresponding single-pass anddouble-pass cosmetic tint in CIE D65 and/or F11 illuminant in CIE LABcolor space.
 22. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or moreoptical elements further create a computed relative visual attenuationquotient (Q) that is larger than the minimum ISO requirement by at least0.02 for at least one incandescent signal light of red, yellow, green orblue designation.
 23. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the opticaldevice takes the form of at least one of a lens, sunglasses, ophthalmic,glass, contact lens, optical filters, displays, windshields, intraocularlens, human crystalline lens, windows, and plastics.
 24. The opticaldevice of claim 1, wherein the one or more optical elements furthercreate, in CIE D65 lighting and CIE LUV space, a difference between thewhite point shift from neutral of the color vision with a naked eye andthat through the optical device is between 0.002 and 0.2 distance units.25. A color vision enhancing optical device, the optical devicecomprising: at least one of at least one absorptive dye and at least onereflective thin film, the at least one of at least one absorptive dyeand at least one reflective film creating at least four pass-bands in atransmission spectrum of the optical device from 380 nm to 780 nm withat least one of the at least four pass-bands having a peak transmittancewavelength shorter than 460 nm, at least one of the at least fourpass-bands having a peak transmittance wavelength between 461 and 540,at least two of the at least four pass-bands having a peak transmittancewavelengths longer than 541 nm, photopic and scotopic luminoustransmittances of below 95%, under one or more of CIE D65, F2 and/or F11illuminants, and a ratio of maximum transmittance of the optical deviceto minimum transmittance of the optical device of at least 1.2 to 1 from380 nm to 780 nm with 1-nm resolution.